Revision of the bee group Anthophora (Micranthophora) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with notes on potential conservation concerns and a molecular phylogeny of the genus Author Orr, Michael C. Author Pitts, James P. Author Griswold, Terry text Zootaxa 2018 2018-11-05 4511 1 1 193 journal article 22569 10.11646/zootaxa.4511.1.1 555c12a5-9aed-4738-8ac9-22e469bf7687 1175-5326 3770979 754B8A42-E269-42B5-92EB-043F3BEAA055 Anthophora ( Micranthophora ) pachyodonta Cockerell, 1923 ( Figs. 41D , 46D , 51D , 56D , 61D , 66D , 71D , 76D ) Anthophora pachyodonta Cockerell, 1923: 80 ( holotype : ♂ ; San Nicolas Bay, Baja California , Mexico ; coll. E.P. Van Duzee, 16 May 1921 ; CASENT, type 938). Anthophora xanthochlora Cockerell, 1923: 80 ( holotype : ♀ ; Willard’s Point Bay, Tiburon Island, Sonora , Mexico ; coll. E.P. Van Duzee, 3 Jul. 1921 ; CASENT, type 939). NEW SYNONYM. Diagnosis. Males may be determined by the following character combination: basitibial plate absent; terga tessellate, dull; T1–T7 covered in appressed setae; T7 with strong medial longitudinal carina, lateral projections no more than slight corners, and medial projections widely spaced with rounded tips ( Fig. 61D ). Females may be determined by the following character combination: facial maculations yellow; clypeus with inverted-T maculation ( Fig. 41D ); supraclypeus with transverse maculation; paraocular areas distinctly maculated at bottom; scape maculated apically on underside, to variable extent; scutum shiny, but usually appearing dull due to small or absent impunctate areas; terga tessellate, dull; T1–T5 covered in appressed setae; and anal fimbria light, yellowish to tan. Male description. Head: Facial maculations pale to richly yellow. Galea reaching back past rear of foretrochanter in repose; amber to medium brown; weakly to moderately tessellate, with moderate or weak reflections. Mandible with inferior tooth large and triangular, strongly angled off main blade; maculated from base to start or middle of inferior tooth ( Fig. 51D ). Labral rim tridentate; fully maculated. Clypeal maculation a band, not reaching lateral sides, filling half of clypeal height medially where tallest ( Fig. 51D ); punctation significantly sparser within maculation than without. Paraocular area immaculate. Supraclypeal area usually maculated; amorphous to thinly transverse. Scape maculation highly variable; almost never fully maculated below, sometimes immaculate. Mesosoma: Scutum shiny; with or without impunctate areas, but usually relatively small when present. Tegula transparent, orange to light brown. Basitibial plate absent. Metasoma: T1–T6 covered in appressed setae. Terga moderately tessellate between punctures, with relatively weak reflections; usually not apparent through appressed setae. Tergal rims transparent, orangish to tan. Male T7 ( Fig. 61D ) with strong medial longitudinal carina; lateral projections reduced, weak corners; medial projections long with rounded tips, sides parallel to each other. Male S5 ( Figs. 38A, 38C ) setal arrangement unremarkable, without large, distinctive patches, at most longer along rim. Male S6 ( Fig. 38A ) clearly medially emarginate. Male S7 ( Fig. 66D ) with setae absent or sparsely banding S7 around midpoint of length; widening from midpoint to tip, apical half widest at pointed lateral tips; apical half resembling cat head, rim broadly emarginate between lateral tips. Male S8 ( Fig. 71D ) lateral projections distinct; medial projection narrowing to tip, apically emarginate. Male genital capsule ( Fig. 76D ) with outer corners, where gonocoxite tips curve inward, marked by obvious flange of about 90 degrees or greater, best seen in profile; from corner to apex, in profile, gonocoxite relatively unmodified, concave or straight; tip, in profile, weakly pointed and strongly curved ventrally; gonostylus tip position slightly exceeding that of gonocoxite, measured from above along primary axis of latter. Pubescence: See Fig. 56D . Appears orange to yellow overall, though often faded to light gray. Setae orange to white, except as follows: leg inner faces deeper orange. Female similar to male, except: Head: Facial maculations more often richly yellow. Mandible with inferior tooth ridge-like, expended, clearly angled off main blade ( Fig. 41D ). Labral rim rounded. Clypeal maculation strong inverted-T, reaching lateral sides, somewhat broadly reaching top of clypeus ( Fig. 41D ). Paraocular area maculated; small but distinct. Supraclypeal area maculated; usually thinly transverse. Scape maculated; dot near apex or moreso below. Mesosoma: Scutal impunctate areas less variable, usually absent or minute. Tegula more translucent, sometimes dark brown. Midtibial spur apically curved; tan to orange. Basitibial plate circular distally, teardropped overall. Metasoma: T1–T4 covered in appressed setae; T5 with extensive appressed setae. T4 impunctate rim of short to moderate length medially, distinct but not triangular. Anal fimbria often only vaguely triangular, covering slightly under third to clearly under half of T5 length medially. Pubescence: See Fig. 46D . Hindbasitarsal brush orange; anal fimbria appearing slightly more orange than nearby setae. Distribution. See Fig. 21 . Present in USA : California , Arizona , Nevada ; Mexico : Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur , likely Sonora . Found almost exclusively in Sonoran and Mojave Deserts. Ecoregional habitance is as follows, based on 368 specimen records: 6 total ecoregions: Sonoran Desert (259=70.3%), Mojave Desert (94=24.3%), Colorado Plateau shrublands (11=2.9%), Gulf of California xeric scrub (2≤1%), California coastal sage and chaparral (1≤1%), Baja California desert (1≤1%). FIGURE 21. Distribution of Anthophora pachyodonta . Generated with 368 specimen records from 90 locations. Phenology. Recorded from March–June, most common in April–May. Univoltine. Nesting biology. Unknown, but males have been observed patrolling sandy washes with few floral resources. Floral specialization. Specialist on Asteraceae , likely narrowly specialized on Bebbia juncea . Primary recorded visits by 82 females include: Family Asteraceae (100%); Genus Bebbia (90%); Species Bebbia juncea (90%). 151 total floral records from three families include: Asclepiadaceae ( 1 ♂ ): Asclepias erosa 1 ♂ , Asteraceae ( 67 ♂ 82 ♀ ): Baeria sp. 1 ♀ , Bebbia juncea 53 ♂ 74 ♀ , Bebbia sp. 1 ♂ , Centaurea calcitrapa 2 ♀ , Geraea canescens 1 ♀ , Palafoxia sp. 1 ♀ , Porophyllum sp. 3 ♂ 2 ♀ , Stephanomeria pauciflora 3 ♂ , Stephanomeria sp. 4 ♂ 1 ♀ , Stephanomeria tenuifolia 2 ♂ , Trixis californica 1 ♂ , Lamiaceae ( 1 ♂ ): Salazaria mexicana 1 ♂ . Comments. The type of A . xanthochlora proved to merely be the female of A . pachyodonta , described in the same publication, and is synonymized as such. Unfortunately, the material for A . pachyodonta and A . parkeri were reversed in the reference collection MCO originally used for determinations, this confirmed by the types . Identifications prior to 2015 are suspect. Specimens examined: MEXICO : Baja California Norte: 21 mi S of Puertecitos [= Puertocitos]: 1 ♂ , 6 Apr 1966 , E.M. Fisher; Millers Landing, 13 mi SE: 1 ♀ , 22 Jun 1968 , N. Leppla, J. Davidson, J. Bigelow; Baja California Sur : Loreto, 20 km NW: 2 ♀ , 14 Apr 1994 , D. Yanega. USA : ARIZONA : La Paz County: Midway; BM S280, nr: 1 ♂ , 4 Apr 2014 , T.L. Griswold; Quartzite, 12.7 km S; along Rt 95: 1 ♂ , 10 May 2012 , Z.M. Portman; Quartzsite, 7 mi S: 1 ♀ , 24 May 1983 , W.J. Pulawski; 1 ♀ , 19 Apr 1985 , W.J. Pulawski; Mohave County: Gold Spring, 9.1km S: 1 ♀ , 25 Mar 2016 , T.L. Griswold; Oatman: 1 ♀ , 13 May 1983 , P.F. Torchio; Yuma County: Bouse, 5 mi SE: 1 ♂ , 14 May 1966 , J.H. Davidson, J.M. Davidson, M.A. Cazier; Ligurta: 1 ♂ , 15 Apr 1973 , J.G. Rozen, K.C. Rozen; Quartzite, 44 km S; Intersection of Rte 95 and King Rd: 2 ♀ , 9 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; CALIFORNIA :Imperial County: 30 mi NE of Glamis: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ , 17 Apr 1969 , collector unknown; Black Mountain ca. 2.8 mi SE of Hwy 78, Chocolate Mountains: 1 ♀ , 5 May 1978 , collector unknown; Black Mountain rd, 6.4 km NNW Black Mt: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ , 14 Apr 2013 , M.C. Orr; Black Mountain, 6 km NW; Black Mt Rd Black Mountain, 6 km NW; Black Mt Rd: 7 ♂ 1 ♂ , 14 Apr 2013 , M.C. Orr; Black Mountain, Chocolate Mountains: 1 ♀ , 27 Apr 1982 , D.K. Faulkner; Blythe, 40 km S: 1 ♀ , 28 Apr 1990 , collector unknown; Bradshaw Trail, by Riverside/Imperial co line: 2 ♀ , 8 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; Indian Pass Road, 4 mi E of Olgiby Road: 1 ♀ , 7 May 1978 , collector unknown; Midway Well, near; BM "HPGN CA 11 12", 0.6km SW: 2 ♀ , 3 Apr 2013 , T.L. Griswold; Palo Verde: 1 ♀ , 24 Mar 1972 , B. Villegas; lower Gavilan Wash: 1 ♂ 2 ♀ , 6 May 1978 , collector unknown; Inyo County: DEVA; Emigrant CG, in wash: 1 ♀ , 28 Apr 2013 , M.C. Orr; DEVA; Jubilee Pass; hwy 178: 4 ♀ , 26 Apr 2013 , M.C. Orr; DEVA; Panamint Springs, 9.4 air km E; hwy 190: 1 ♂ , 12 Apr 2014 , M.C. Orr; Panamint Mountains, Surprise Canyon: 1 ♂ , 29 Apr 1953 , L.R. Nault; Riverside County: Andreas Canyon: 1 ♂ , 24 Apr 1956 , J.C. Hall; 1 ♂ 2 ♀ , 25 Apr 1956 , R.M. Bohart; Blythe, 29 km NW, Midland rd: 3 ♀ , 15 Apr 2013 , M.C. Orr; Blythe, 39 km NW, Midland rd: 1 ♀ , 15 Apr 2013 , M.C. Orr; Carrizo Creek, Santa Rosa Mountains: 1 ♀ , 31 May 1963 , collector unknown; Cathedral City, 2 mi S: 1 ♂ , 10 Apr 1936 , C.D. Michener; Corn Springs: 1 ♀ , 19–22 Apr 2011 , M.E. Irwin; Corn Springs Campground, 0.4 km ESE; Corn Springs Wash: 6 ♂ 6 ♀ , 7 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; 1 ♂ , 7 May 2012 , Z.M. Portman; 1 ♂ 3 ♂ , 9 Apr 2014 , M.C. Orr; Coyote Wash, P. L. Boyd Desert Research Center: 4 ♂ 1 ♀ , 9 May 1978 , R. Brooks; Deep Canyon, Santa Rosa Mountains: 2 ♂ , 17 May 1963 , collector unknown; Desert Center, 19.7 km NE; hwy 177: 2 ♀ , 9 Apr 2014 , M.C. Orr; Magnesia Canyon: 1 ♀ , 21 Apr 1951 , E.I. Schlinger; Mecca, 14.7 air km WSW; Box Canyon: 2 ♂ 4 ♀ , 12 Apr 2016 , M.C. Orr; Mecca, 23 km ENE; Box Canyon Rd.: 4 ♀ , 4 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; Palm Desert, 3.2 km N: 1 ♂ , 30 Apr 1990 , collector unknown; Palm Springs: 1 ♀ , 20 May 1917 , E.P. VanDyke; 15 ♂ 13 ♀ , 11–26 Apr 2011 , F.D. Parker, T. McIntyre; 3 ♂ , 2 May 2012 , F.D. Parker, T. McIntyre; 6 ♂ 1 ♀ , 21–30 Mar 2013 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 3 ♂ , 1–10 Apr 2013 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 3 ♂ 1 ♀ , 11–17 Apr 2013 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 5 ♂ 3 ♀ , 14–24 Apr 2013 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 5 ♂ 1 ♀ , 24–30 Apr 2013 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ , 1–7 May 2013 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 2 ♀ , 2 May 2013 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ , 14 Mar–4 Apr 2014 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♀ , 4–9 Apr 2014 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 2 ♂ , 7–14 Apr 2014 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 2 ♀ , 14–18 Apr 2014 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 9 ♂ 1 ♀ , 17–22 Apr 2014 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ , 21 Apr 2014 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♀ , 24–28 Apr 2014 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ 2 ♀ , 1–5 May 2014 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 3 ♂ 1 ♀ , 6–12 May 2014 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; Palm Springs, Araby Wash: 1 ♀ , 10–13 May 2013 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ , 14–21 Apr 2015 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ 3 ♀ , 21–28 Apr 2015 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 6 ♂ 9 ♀ , 28 Apr–5 May 2015 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ 4 ♀ , 5–14 May 2015 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ 3 ♀ , 9–13 Apr 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ , 13–18 Apr 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 2 ♂ , 18–21 Apr 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ , 21–24 Apr 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♀ , 25–28 Apr 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♀ , 28–30 Apr 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ , 1–4 May 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♀ , 5–19 May 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 2 ♂ 1 ♀ , 12–17 May 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; Palm Springs, Hillside: 2 ♂ 1 ♀ , 7–14 Apr 2015 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 4 ♂ 1 ♀ , 21–28 Apr 2015 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 3 ♂ 1 ♀ , 28 Apr–4 May 2015 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ , 7–14 May 2015 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♀ , 9–15 Apr 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; 1 ♂ , 1–7 May 2016 , F.D. Parker, T.D. McIntyre; Palo Verde, 13 km NW; Bradshaw Trail: 3 ♂ 4 ♀ , 15 Apr 2013 , M.C. Orr; Tahquitz Canyon, near Palm Springs: 1 ♂ , 22 Apr 1963 , F.D. Parker, L.A. Stange; San Bernardino County: 23 mi S of Amboy: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ , 8 May 1980 , J.G. Rozen, B.L. Rozen; 24 mi W of Rice: 2 ♀ , 9 May 1980 , J.G. Rozen, B.L. Rozen; 26 mi N of Vidal Junction: 1 ♂ , 23 Apr 1980 , J.G. Rozen; 30 mi SSE of Needles: 1 ♂ , 21 Apr 1980 , J.G. Rozen; Hesperia: 1 ♀ , 29 Jun 1939 , No collector; Hesperia, 5 mi SE: 2 ♀ , 21 Jun 1952 , collector unknown; Kelso Dunes, mouth of Bull Canyon: 1 ♀ , 4 May 2009 , T.L. Griswold; Phelan: 2 ♂ 2 ♀ , 27 Jun 1952 , collector unknown; Salt Creek, 27 rd mi N Baker: 1 ♀ , 11 May 1982 , T.L. Griswold; Turtle Mountain rd, 38 km S Needles: 2 ♀ , 22 Apr 2016 , M.C. Orr; Vidal Junction: 1 ♀ , 16 May 1980 , J.G. Rozen, B.L. Rozen; San Diego County: Anza Borrego: 1 ♀ , 21 May 1983 , R.B. Parks; Borego: 1 ♂ , 28 Apr 1954 , collector unknown; Borrego: 1 ♂ , 26 Apr 1954 , P.D. Hurd; 1 ♂ , 27 Apr 1955 , P.D. Hurd; Borrego State Park: 2 ♀ , 29 Apr 1961 , J.G. Rozen, R. Schrammel; Borrego Valley: 1 ♂ , 21 May 1941 , E.C. VanDyke; 1 ♀ , 29 Apr 1961 , collector unknown; Borrego Valley, dunes: 1 ♂ , 18 Apr 1957 , R.W. Bushing; Borrego, Palm Canyon: 2 ♂ , 19 Apr 1957 , J.C. Hall; 1 ♂ , 19 Apr 1957 , R.C. Bechtel; 1 ♂ , 19 Apr 1957 , R.W. Bushing; San Felipe, 8 mi N: 1 ♀ , 14 Apr 1960 , R.D. Gehring; The Narrows, 2 m W: 1 ♂ , 22 Apr 1951 , E.I. Schlinger; NEVADA: Clark County : 0.2 mi W Hiko Spr.: 1 ♂ , 27 Apr 2004 , E. Ahlstrom; 1 ♂ , 27 Apr 2004 , S.M. Higbee; 1.2 mi SW Silica Dome: 2 ♂ , 29 Apr 2004 , S.M. Higbee; 1.6 mi WNW Whitney Pocket: 2 ♂ , 25 May 2005 , E. Ahlstrom; 19 mi S of Searchlight: 1 ♂ , 13 May 1980 , J.G. Rozen, B.L. Rozen; 2.1 mi NW Echo Bay: 1 ♀ , 30 Apr 2004 , E. Ahlstrom; 3.5 mi SE Hiko Spr.: 1 ♂ , 27 Apr 2004 , E. Ahlstrom; Black Hills, 3.29 mi SW: 2 ♂ , 24 May 2005 , R. Andrus; Eldorado Cyn, 0.39 mi N: 1 ♂ , 2 May 2005 , R. Andrus; Indian Springs Valley: 1 ♀ , 17 Jun 1967 , W.F. Barr; Juanita Springs Ranch: 2 ♂ 3 ♀ , 12–14 May 1984 , F.D. Parker; Nelsons Landing: 5 ♂ 1 ♀ , 2 May 2005 , E. Ahlstrom; Riverside, 10.9 km SSW; New Gold Butte Rd: 1 ♂ 4 ♀ , 16 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; 1 ♀ , 16 May 2012 , Z.M. Portman; Riverside, 11.0 km SSW; New Gold Butte Rd: 1 ♂ 7 ♀ , 16 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; 2 ♀ , 16 May 2012 , Z.M. Portman; 1 ♂ 4 ♀ , 17 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; 2 ♀ , 17 May 2012 , Z.M. Portman; 2 ♂ , 24 Apr 2013 , M.C. Orr; Riverside, 14 km S; New Gold Butte Rd.: 1 ♂ 1 ♀ , 17 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; Riverside, 17.3 km S; New Gold Butte Rd.: 1 ♂ 5 ♀ , 17 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; 2 ♀ , 17 May 2012 , Z.M. Portman; Riverside, 22.3 km S; New Gold Butte Rd.: 2 ♂ 5 ♀ , 17 May 2012 , M.C. Orr; 1 ♀ , 17 May 2012 , Z.M. Portman; Riverside, 4.5 mi W: 1 ♀ , 1 May 1997 , F.D. Parker; S Overton, Kaolin Wash: 1 ♀ , 24 May 2009 , D. Yanega; Virgin Mountains: 1 ♀ , 21 May 1980 , R.W. Rust; Wagon Cyn, 4.81 mi W: 1 ♂ 1 ♂ , 24 May 2005 , D. Allen; 1 ♂ , 24 May 2005 , R. Andrus; Weiser Ridge, 1.89 mi E: 4 ♂ , 3 May 2005 , R. Andrus; 1 ♂ , 17 May 2005 , D. Allen; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ , 17 May 2005 , R. Andrus; White Dome, Valley of Fire St. Pk.: 1 ♂ , 4 May 2005 , R. Andrus.