Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels Author Gosik, Rafal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-4905 Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20 - 033 Lublin, Poland Author Caldara, Roberto https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-7078 Via Lorenteggio 37, 20146 Milan, Italy Author Tosevski, Ivo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-3151 CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland & Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun, Serbia Author Skuhrovec, Jiri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-5990 Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic jirislavskuhrovec@gmail.com text ZooKeys 2024 2024-03-14 1195 1 94 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328 1313-2970-1195-1 617FBE9C72D1479D83361E9325D74B93 7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16 7) Rhinusa rara Tosevski & Caldara, 2015 Material examined. 2 mature larvae, 26.04.2014 ; 1♂ and 3♀ pupae, 10.05.2014 ; 8 mature larvae; 2♂ and 2♀ pupae, 12.05.2014 , ex Linaria dalmatica , Serbia , Stanicenje , Pirot , leg., det. I. Tosevski . Description of mature larva (Figs 31A, B , 32A-E , 33A-C ). Measurements (in mm). Body length: 3.00-4.25 (avg. 3.60). The widest place in the body (meso- and metathorax) measures up to 1.25. Head width: 0.55-0.60 (avg. 0.56). Figure 31. Rhinusa rara Tosevski & Caldara, 2015 mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view. Figure 32. Rhinusa rara Tosevski & Caldara, 2015 mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, st-sensillum styloconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als -anterolateral, ams -anteromedial, cls -clypeal, des -dorsal epicranial, dms -dorsal malar, fs -frontal epicranial, les -lateral epicranial, ligs -ligular, lrs -labral, mbs -malar basiventral, mds -mandibular dorsal, mpxs -maxillary palp, pes -postepicranial, pfs -palpiferal, pms -postmental, prms -premental, stps -stipital, vms -ventral malar. Figure 33. Rhinusa rara Tosevski , Caldara, 2015 mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1-3-number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1-10-number of abdominal seg, setae: ds -dorsal, eps -epipleural, pda -pedal, pds -postdorsal, prns -pronotal, prs -prodorsal, ss -spiracular, ps -pleural, sts -sternal. General . Body elongate, slender, distinctly curved, rounded in cross section (Fig. 31A ). All thoracic segments almost equal in size. Meso- and metathorax each divided dorsally into two folds (prodorsal fold distinctly smaller than postdorsal fold). Pedal folds of thoracic segments isolated, conical, prominent. Abdominal segments I-VI of similar size, next segments tapering towards posterior body end. Abdominal segments I-VII each divided dorsally into two folds: prodorsal fold slightly smaller than postdorsal, which form conical, prominent protuberances apically. Segments VIII and IX dorsally undivided. Epipleural folds of segments I-VIII conical. Laterosternal and eusternal folds of segments I-VIII conical, weakly isolated. Abdominal segment X (almost completely hidden in previous segment) divided into four folds of equal size. Anus situated ventrally. All spiracles unicameral; thoracic spiracles (Fig. 31A ) placed laterally close to mesothorax; abdominal spiracles (Fig. 31A ) placed medio-laterally on segments I-VIII. Colouration . Light yellow to yellow head, medial parts of epicranium less sclerotised (Fig. 31B ). All thoracic and abdominal segments white (Fig. 31A ). Cuticle covered with asperities. Vestiture . Setae on body thin, yellowish, different in length (very short or medium). Head capsule (Figs 31B , 32A ). Head wide, endocarinal line present, reaching to 2/3 length of frons. Frontal sutures on head very wide, indistinct. Single pair of stemmata in the form of small black spots (st) laterally to the end of the frontal suture. Des1 short; des2 short, located in lateral part of epicranium; long des3 located anteriorly on epicranium on border of the frontal suture; des4 absent; and des5 long, located anterolaterally above stemma (Fig. 32A ). Fs1 and fs2 absent; fs3 minute, located medially; fs4 long, located anteriorly; and long fs5 located anterolaterally, close to antenna (Fig. 32A ). Les1 and les2 medium. Epicranial area with a single pes . Antennae placed distally of the frontal suture, on the inside; membranous and distinctly convex basal article bearing one conical elongate sensorium, plus five sensilla styloconica (Fig. 32B ). Clypeus and labrum (Fig. 32C ) completely fused, trapezoidal, 2.7 x as wide as long, with two minute cls , localised posterolaterally; three piliform lrs , various long; lrs1 and lrs2 medium, located anteromedially, and lrs3 short, located laterally; anterior border almost straight. Epipharynx (Fig. 32C ) with two finger-like als , variable in length and two ams variable in length; labral rods (lr) indistinct, rounded; anterior border sinuate. Mouth parts . Mandibles (Fig. 32D ) bifid, cutting edge with additional protuberance; two medium piliform mds , both located close to lateral border. Maxillolabial complex: maxilla more sclerotised than labium (Fig. 32E ) stipes with one stps , two pfs and one very short mbs , stps and both pfs1-2 relatively short; mala with four piliform dms variable in length; two short piliform vms . Maxillary palpi two-segmented; basal palpomere distinctly wider and slightly longer than distal one; basal palpomere with short mpxs and single sensillum, distal palpomere with a group of four or five apical sensilla in terminal receptive area. Prementum (Fig. 32E ) close to oval-shaped, with one short prms ; ligula with slightly sinuate margin and three minute ligs ; premental sclerite sclerotised U-shaped. Labial palpi one-segmented; each palp with a single pore, and a group of three or four apical sensilla (ampullacea) on terminal receptive area; surface of labium smooth. Postmentum (Fig. 32E ) with only two pms , medium pms1 located medially and short pms2 located laterally, pms3 absent; membranous area smooth. Thorax . Only pronotal and single pedal setae elongated, rest of thoracic minute, feebly visible. Prothorax (Fig. 33A ) with four prns and two ps . Mesothorax (Fig. 33A ) with one prs , three pds ; three ss ; one eps and one ps . Chaetotaxy of metathorax (Fig. 33A ) almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of thoracic segments with three minute and one elongated pda . Abdomen . All abdominal setae minute, feebly visible. Segments I-VIII (Fig. 33B, C ) with one prs ; three pds ; one ss ; one eps ; one ps and one lsts . Abdominal segment IX (Fig. 33C ) with a single ds , single ps , and single sts . Description of pupa (Figs 34A-C , 35A-C ). Measurements (in mm). Body length: 3.35-3.85 (avg. 3.75); body width: 1.60-2.10 (avg. 1.75); thorax width: 1.05-1.30 (avg. 1.20); rostrum length: up to 1.50 for both sexes. Figure 34. Rhinusa rara Tosevski & Caldara, 2015 pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view. Figure 35. Rhinusa rara Tosevski & Caldara, 2015 pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: h-pr-head protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as -apical, d -dorsal, fes -femoral, l -lateral, pls -posterolateral, v -ventral. Body . Integument white, moderately elongated, curved. Head protuberances (h-pr) above eyes present. Rostrum rather short, in male usually only slightly shorter than in female almost 2.5 x as long as wide, reaching mesocoxae. Pronotum trapezoidal 2 x as wide as long. Pronotal protuberances (p-pr) absent. Meso- and metanotum similar in size. Abdominal segments I-VI almost identical in size; segment VII semicircular; segment VIII narrow; segment IX reduced. Urogomphi (ur) short, ending with sclerotised, sharp apexes (Fig. 34A-C ). Chaetotaxy . Well developed, setae short to elongated, short setae transparent, elongated brown. Head and rostrum without seta (Fig. 35A ). Pronotum with three as , and three pls almost equally in length. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with two setae of similar length, placed medially. Apex of femora with a single long fes (Fig. 35A-C ). Abdominal segments I-VI with four short setae dorsally, all placed close to posterior margin. Abdominal segment VII with three elongated setae dorsally. Abdominal segment VIII with two elongated setae dorsally. Each lateral part of abdominal segments I-VII with a single short seta. Ventral parts of abdominal segments I-VIII with two short setae. Abdominal segment IX with two short setae ventrally (Fig. 35A-C ). Remarks and comparative notes. This species is very restricted in its distribution and scarce. It is known only from calcareous regions in Serbia ( Sicevo Gorge between the towns of Nis and Pirot), Hungary (Balaton), southern Slovakia ( Sturovo ), southern Czechia (Znojmo), Austria (Wien) and southern Russia ( Tosevski et al. 2015 ). It differs from the other European species of the R. pilosa group in its evenly curved rostrum in lateral view in both sexes (vs. abruptly narrowed and bent along the dorsal margin), almost flat pronotum and elytra (vs. moderately convex), and integument of adults covered with recumbent hair-like scales (vs. suberect hair-like scales). Biological notes. The biology of R. rara is similar to that of R. pilosa . The adults become active in the field very early, often in mid-February. The adults are hidden inside the rosette of the host plant, L. genistifolia or L. dalmatica . The females oviposit at the base of young, growing shoots. Induced galls are usually large, partly hidden below the soil surface. Usually, ~ 10 eggs are laid per shoot, but some shoots can be used for 20 or more ovipositions. The biology of R. rara is described in detail by Tosevski et al. (2015) . Rhinusa herbarum group Adult diagnosis. Rostrum in lateral view straight; elytra rectangular and only slightly wider than pronotum; third tarsomere weakly bilobed and slightly wider than second tarsomere; femora unarmed; body of penis short and in lateral view with sides distinctly widening in apical part.