From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) Author Burks, Roger https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7939 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA burks.roger@gmail.com Author Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721 Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Fusu, Lucian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-026X Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Heraty, John M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5651 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA Author Jansta, Petr https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-3603 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Heydon, Steve Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA Author Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386 Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK Author Peters, Ralph S. Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany Author Tselikh, Ekaterina V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Author Woolley, James B. Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA Author van Noort, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa Author Baur, Hannes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487 Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland & Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Author Cruaud, Astrid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-4199 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Author Darling, Christopher Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada Author Haas, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-6698 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Hanson, Paul Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica Author Krogmann, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1735 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany & Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author Rasplus, Jean-Yves https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France text Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2022 2022-12-20 94 13 88 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 1314-2607-94-13 6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE Louriciinae incertae sedis new placement Louriciini Hedqvist, 1961: 92,108. Type genus: Louricia Ferriere , 1936. Treated as Louriciinae by Boucek (1988) . Diagnosis. Antenna with 8 flagellomeres, including an undivided clava and 2 anelli; radicle elongate. Eyes ventrally divergent. Face with a network of grooves that is usually concealed by the strongly collapsing head (Fig. 72 ). Clypeus without transverse subapical groove. Labrum subrectangular and exposed, with marginal setae in a row. Mandibles with 3 teeth. Subforaminal bridge with a postgenal bridge separating the secondary tentorial pits from the hypostoma. Pronotum long, with a slightly expanded lateral surface and therefore somewhat expanded laterally. Notauli complete, linear and incised. Axilla strongly advanced (Fig. 73 ). Mesoscutellum with frenum indicated at least laterally or by an abrupt transition to smooth surface sculpture, without axillular sulcus (Fig. 73 ). Mesopleural area without an expanded acropleuron. All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal. Metasoma in females with elongate syntergum extending over the exserted ovipositor (Fig. 74 ). Figures 73-78. 73, 74 Callimomoides sp. ( Louriciinae , incertae sedis ) 73 mesosoma dorsal view 74 extremity of metasoma, elongated syntergum 75, 76 Micradelus acutus Graham ( Micradelinae , incertae sedis ) 75 head frontal view 76 head posterior view 77 Neapterolaelaps sp. ( Neapterolelapsinae , incertae sedis ): antenna 78 Pseudoceraphron albifrons ( Boucek ) ( Neapterolelapsinae , incertae sedis ): head posterior view. Discussion. Next-generation molecular analysis (Cruaud et al., submitted) consistently recovers the distinctive Callimomoides Girault as a member of a strongly supported clade that also includes Neanastatus and Lambdobregma , with Callimomoides as the sister group of Neanastatus , which therefore renders Neanastatidae paraphyletic. Morphologically, this relationship is highly debatable and no unique character supports it. However, this strong morphological disparity may be due to difference in life history as Callimomoides is an egg parasitoid of Cerambycidae while Neanastatus is parasitic in galls of Cecidomyiidae ( Diptera ) and Lambdobregma could be parasitoids of cricket eggs ( Gibson 1989 ). While Callimomoides has an enlarged mesotibial spur and a large membranous area posterior to the mesocoxa, these features are not conclusive proof of relationship with Neanastatidae because they are found in various other taxa as well. There are no diagnostic features shared with either Neanastatus or Lambdobregma . The highly unusual gestalt of Callimomoides , together with the combination of linear notauli, long pronotum, and stout mesotibial spur, prevent it from being easily confused with other Chalcidoidea . Eulophidae can have similar notauli and a weakly sclerotized, collapsing head and body, but differ in having 4 tarsomeres on all legs.