A revision of Solanum section Herpystichum Author Tepe, EJ Department of Biology, 257 South 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U. S. A.; Department of Biological Sciences, 614 Rieveschl Hall, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, U. S. A. eric.tepe@gmail.com Author Bohs, L Department of Biology, 257 South 1400 East, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, U. S. A. text Systematic Botany 2011 2011-12-31 36 4 1068 1087 https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X605074 journal article 10.1600/036364411X605074 2de37bc1-3782-435b-b655-0f9d77f7afe9 6327846 9. SOLANUM PHASEOLOIDES Pol., Linnaea 41: 585. 1877 . — TYPE: COSTA RICA . Alajuela : Desengaño , Jun 1875 (fl), H. Polakowsky 147 ( lectotype , here designated: BM–BM000579755 !; isolectotype: B [destroyed]). Solanum olivaeforme Donn.Sm., Bot.Gaz.(Crawfordsville) 14:28. 1889 . —TYPE: GUATEMALA . Alta Verapáz : Pansamalá , 3,800 ft , May 1887 (fl), H. von Tuerckheim 1226 ( lectotype , here designated: US–US00027712 !; isolectotypes: GH–GH00077524!, K–K000449425!, NY–NY00169750!). Herbaceous vine, terrestrial. Stems slender, glabrous or rarely pubescent with slender trichomes 0.8–1.5 m long. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves 3-pinnate, the blades 1.5–7.5 × 1–7 cm , about as long as wide, membranous to chartaceous, glabrous adaxially or with widely scattered to dense, wide-diameter trichomes, 0.3–1.2 × 0.1–0.2 mm on the leaf blade, with trichomes like those of the stem more abundant along veins, glabrous abaxially, the margins entire to undulate, minutely revolute on some leaves, the rachis glabrous; lateral leaflets 0.5–5 × 1–5.5 cm , elliptical to rounded, the base oblique, cuneate to cordate on the proximal side, the apex obtuse to acuminate, the petiolules 0.5–3 mm , glabrous; apical leaflet 0.8–4 × 1–6 cm , broadly elliptical to rhomboid, the base cuneate, the apex obtuse to acute, apiculate, the petiolule 1–5 mm , glabrous; petioles 1.5–13 cm , sparsely sand-punctate, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Internodes 3–12 cm . Inflorescences 3–12 cmlong , unbranched, extra-axillary, with (2–)3(–7) flowers, the axes glabrous; peduncle 1.5–5 cm , slender; rachis 1–6.5 cm ; pedicels 10–25 mm in flower and fruit, slender, glabrous, spaced 4–8 mm apart. Calyx 1.5–2 mm long, the tube 1–1.5 mm long, the lobes 0.5–1 × ca. 1.5 mm , deltoid to truncate, acute to acuminate at tips, glabrous; fruiting calyx slightly accrescent, the lobes 1–1.2 × 1.5–2 mm , truncate-acuminate. Corolla 1–1.5 cmindiameter , ca. 5 mm long, stellate, white, the tube 1–3 mm , the lobes 6–7 × 1.2–3 mm , lanceolate, acute at the tips, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the margins ciliate. Stamens with filaments 1–1.5 mm , glabrous; anthers 2–2.5 × ca. 1 mm . Ovary glabrous; style 4–5 × ca. 0.2 mm , cylindrical, glabrous; stigma capitate. Fruits 2–4 × 1–2.5 cm , ovoidrhomboid, flattened, pointed at apex, greenish to yellowish, often mottled, glabrous. Seeds ca. 2 × 1.5 mm in diameter, lenticular, light brown, the surface smooth. Figure 1E . Habitat and Distribution— Solanum phaseoloides occurs in the understory of wet forests and in clearings from southern Mexico ( Chiapas ), Guatemala , Belize , Honduras , Costa Rica , to Panama . It is usually terrestrial, but occasionally grows on fallen logs or as an epiphyte; 500–2,900 m in elevation. Asingle collection is known from Peru ( Fig. 9 ). Phenology— Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the year. Etymology— The name, phaseoloides , refers to the similar leaves and viny habit of the genus Phaseolus L. ( Fabaceae ). Notes— Solanum phaseoloides is a ground-trailing species characterized by 3-foliate leaves and stellate flowers. It is most similar to S. pentaphyllum from which it differs by its 3-foliate vs. 5-foliate leaves. It also resembles S. trifolium , but can be differentiated by its white, stellate flowers and pointed leaf apices vs. blue-violet, rotate flowers and rounded leaf apices. Vegetative parts of most collections are glabrous; however, plants with pubescent stems and petioles appear to be localized in the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica at 1,700 – 3,200 m . Asingle collection of S. phaseoloides is known from north-central Peru . The leaves of this collection are somewhat fleshier than typical plants from Central America, but it corresponds to them in other characters. If this specimen truly represents a population of S. phaseoloides , then it is a remarkable disjunction from the species’ native range in Central America. Alternatively, it is possible that this collection represents an additional species of sect. Herpystichum ; however, we must reserve judgment until additional collections are available. We have been unable to successfully obtain a DNA sequence from this Peruvian collection. Finally, we have not seen collections of S. phaseoloides from Nicaragua ; however, its presence there is expected based on the overall distribution of this species. FIG.9. Distribution of Solanum phaseoloides and S. trifolium . The location Polakowsky’s holotype is not explicitly stated in the protologue; the existence of a specimen at Bis implied, but it has almost certainly been destroyed and no photos of the specimen are known to exist. A duplicate of this collection exists at BM and this specimen (BM000579755) has been chosen as the lectotype . Donnell Smith did not designate a single sheet of Tuerckheim 1226 as the holotype of S. olivaeforme in his 1889 protologue. The specimen from US ( US 00027712) is here chosen as the lectotype . Donnell Smith’s herbarium is now held at US and this specimen has the original label written in Donnell Smith’s hand. Representative Specimens Examined— MEXICO . Chiapas : Finca Irelanda, Jun 1914 (fl), C. A. Purpus 7310 (BM, F, GH, NY, UC ); Finca Mexiquito, Jun 1913 (fl), C. A. Purpus 7460 ( UC ). GUATEMALA . Alta Verapaz :Barrancade Rubelcruz, 15°29’N 90°08’W , 2,500 ft , Apr 1889 (fr), J. Donnell Smith 1785 (G, GH, M, US ); Vicinityof Laguna Sapalá (Chajvuvuch), 280 m , 11 Mar 1942 (fl), J. A. Steyermark 44895 (F, UC ). Izabal: Montañas del Mico, 7–8 km Wof Santo Tomás de Castilla on road to microwave tower, 15°40’N 88°40’W , 600–650 m , 19 Aug 1988 (fl, fr), W . D. Stevens et al. 25577 ( NY ). Peten: La Cumbre, Pusila road, in high forest, 17 Aug 1976 (fl), C. L. Lundell & E. Contreras 20189 (F, LL ). Quetzaltenango: Finca Pirineos, lower south-facing slopes of Volcán Santa María, between Santa María de Jesús and Calahuaché, 1,300 –1,500 m , 31 Dec 1939 (infl), J. A. Steyermark 33254 (F). Retalhuleu: Barrancade Salamá, 1,700 ft , Apr 1892 (fl, fr), J. Donnell Smith 2673 (F, GH, K, M, MO, NY, US , WU ); Near Chivolandia (Dept. Quezaltenango), along road to San Felipe, 650 m , 15 Feb 1941 (infl), P. C. Standley 87182 (F). San Marcos: Finca El Porvenir, along Río Chopal, south-facing slopes of Volcán Tajumulco, 1,300 –1,500 m , 11 Mar 1940 (fl), J. A. Steyermark 37528 (F). Suchitepéquez: Southern lower slopes of Volcán Zunil, vicinity of Finca Las Nubes, along Quebrada Chita, Eof Pueblo Nuevo, 500–800 m , 2 Feb 1940 (fl), J. A. Steyermark 35395 (F). BELIZE . Esperanza Rd, 2600 ft , 2 Jul 1934 (fl), W . A. Schipp 727 (F). Cayo : Chiquibul, Ceibo Grande to Main Divide track, 16°31′49″N 89°05′06″W , 500 m , 26 Aug 1998 (fl), A. K. Monro & S. Cafferty 2689 (BM, MO ). Toledo :in high ridge, on hill slope, Edwards road beyond Columbia, 16°14’N 88°14’W , 18 Feb 1948 (fl), P. H. Gentle 6417 ( LL ). HONDURAS . La Muralla visitors center and environs, 8 km NNW of La Union, 15°05’N 86°44’W , 1,415 –1,580 m , 4 Jun 1992 (fl), W . G. D’Arcy 18123 (MO, NY ). Yoro : Ca. 16 km from Yarucha on Quebrada de Oro to Cerro Bufalo, 900–950 m , 16 Aug 1982 (fl, fr), W . C. Holmes 4407 ( NY ). COSTA RICA . Rampante - Forets de la Palma, Sep 1898 , A. Tonduz 12611 ( US ). Alajuela: Primary forest on ridge top between Río Gorrión and Río Toro, 10°12’N 84°19’W , 1,700 m , 7 Oct 1972 (fl), R. Lent 2998 (F). Cartago: Paraíso, P. N. Tapantí-Macizo de La Muerte, Cuenca del Reventazón, 9°45′20”N 83°47′00″W , 1,250 m , 15 Mar 2000 (fl, fr), L. Acosta & V. Ramirez 646 ( NY ); El Muñeco, Sof Cartago and Navarro Valley, near boundary of San Joséand Cartago provinces, 4,500 ft , 19 Jun 1928 (fr), H.E. Stork 2659 (F, UC ). Heredia: Braulio Carrillo Park, 1,700 –2,000 m , Mar 1983 (st), L. D. Gómez 20200 (MO, NY ); Vara Blanca de Sarapiquí, North slope of Central Cordillera, 1,500 –1,750 m , Jul 1937 (fl, fr), A. F. Skutch 3177 (K, MO, NY, US ). Puntarenas: Ca. 2 km SE of Monteverde, 10°18’N 84°48’W , 1,500 –1,550 m , 18 Mar 1973 (fl, fr), J.L. Gentry & W . C.Burger 2696 (AAU, F, MO ); Cantón de Osa, Fila Costeña, Fila Cruces, cabeceras del Río Piedras Blancas, Cerro Anguciana, faldas al Oeste, 8°48′56″N 83°10′37″W , 1,400 – 1,600 m , 10 Dec 1993 , B. Hammel 19293 ( MO ); Fila las Cruces near San Vito de Java, 1,400 m , 22 Aug 1974 (fl, fr), P. J. Maas & B. McAlpin 1400 (F, GH, U). San José: Cordillera Talamanca, mountain of Cerro de la Muerte, Panamerican highway between San Isidro El General and Division, 1,900 m , 4 Mar 1966 (fl), A. Molina Rositto et al. 18354 (BM, F, GH, NY ); San José, slopes of Cordillera de Talamanca Nof San Isidro El General, 1,750 –2,000 m , 5 Feb 1963 (fl), L. O. Williams et al. 24342 (F, G, GH, NY ). PANAMA . Chiriqui : Vicinity of Fortuna Dam, Sof lake on Eside of river valley across river, 1,400 m , 7 Feb 1987 (fl, fr), L. Bohs & G. McPherson 2311 ( GH ); 3.5 mi NE of Boquete, end of road along Río Palo Alto, 17 Nov 1978 (fr), B. Hammel 5679 ( MO ); Vicinityof Fortuna Dam, 8°45′04″N 82°15′04″W , 1,300 –1,400 m , 7 Feb 1987 (fr), G. McPherson 10387 ( MO ). Veraguas : 5 mi Wof Santa Fe on road past Escuela Agrícola Alto Piedra on Pacific side of divide, 800–1,200 m , 18 Mar 1973 (fl), R. L. Liesner 948 (C, F, L, LL, NY ). PERU . San Martín : Cataratas de Ahuashiyacu, km 15 Tarapoto- Yurimaguas Road, 6°29’S 76°21’W , 700 m , 10 Jun 1986 (fl), S. Knapp & P. Alcorn 7791 ( MO ).