Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of ghost spiders of the genus Tafana Simon, 1903 (Araneae: Dionycha, Anyphaenidae), with the descriptions of twelve new species Author De Oliveira, Luiz Fernando M. 06C42876-2925-4007-A19D-053BD0058F25 Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan - Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503 - 900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. & Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321, 05508 - 090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. luiz.moura.lfm@gmail.com Author Brescovit, Antonio Domingos D5B81D79-AFAE-47B1-8A6E-DAB448A24BCC Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan - Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503 - 900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. antonio.brescovit@butantan.gov.br text European Journal of Taxonomy 2021 2021-03-31 742 1 77 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.742.1291 journal article 7531 10.5852/ejt.2021.742.1291 62f9dc57-bade-4fbc-8af7-f92ff107593c 2118-9773 4655404 23424EC3-8440-4C72-AD9E-C1EC3087F7CA Tafana orinoco sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 34463201-9F72-43FF-886B-A9EFCE74C526 Figs 30–31 , 33H , 34 Diagnosis Males of Tafana orinoco sp. nov. resemble those of T. pastaza sp. nov. by having the shape of the apophysis at the base of the embolus bifid, but differ by the primary apophysis conical and curved in the apex and secondary apophysis furrowed, median tibial apophysis short and triangular in retrolateral position ( Figs 30C–E , 31A–C ). Females differ from those of the other species in the silhavyi group by having quadrangular atrium and copulatory ducts extremely large and short in anterior region of the vulva ( Figs 30G , 33H ). Etymology The specific name, a noun in apposition, is a tribute to ‘River Orinoco’, one of the most important rivers of the South American continent. Material examined Holotype VENEZUELA • 1♂ ; Mawaca , Federal Territory of Amazonas ; 84 km SE of La Esmeralda ; [ 3°10′22.73″ N , 65°32′32.39″ W ]; 5 Mar. 1985 ; J. Latke and R. Candia leg.; MIZA 07062 . Paratype VENEZUELA • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for holotype; MIZA 07062 . Other material VENEZUELA – Amazonas Division • 1 ♂ ; Federal Territory of Amazonas , Cerro de La Neblina ; [ 00°53′11″ N , 65°59′22″ W ]; 12 Feb. 1985 ; W.E. Steiner leg.; USNM • 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ ; Mawaca , Central , Federal Territory of Amazonas ; [ 3°10′22.73″ N , 65°32′32.39″ W ]; 5 Mar. 1985 ; J. Latke and R. Candia leg.; MIZA 07062 . Description Male ( holotype , MIZA 07062) COLOR. Exemplar probably discolored. Carapace reddish brown ( Fig. 30A ). Labium, sternum and endites reddish brown. Chelicerae reddish. Legs I–IV reddish with spots on the articles. Abdomen with dark spots ( Fig. 30A ). Fig. 30. Tafana orinoco sp. nov. (A, C–E =holotype, ♂, MIZA 07062; B, F–G =paratype,♀, MIZA 07062). A . Habitus, dorsal view. B . Habitus, dorsal view. C . Left palp, ventral view. D . Left palp, retrolateral view. E . Left palp, dorsal view. F . Epigynum, ventral view. G . Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A= atrium; CD =copulatory ducts; CO=copulatory opening; E= embolus; FD = fertilization ducts; H =hood; LL = lateral lobes; MA=median apophysis; MTA= median tibial apophysis; PA= patellar apophysis; ABE = primary apophysis of base of the embolus; RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis; S1= primary spermathecae; S2 = secondary spermathecae; sABE =secondary apophysis of base of the embolus; ST= subtegulum; T=tegulum. Scale bars: A–B =3.5 mm; C =0.5 mm; D–E =0.66 mm; F–G=0.25 mm. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 7.9, carapace length 3.7, width 3.0. Clypeus height 0.1. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.18, PME 0.16, PLE 0.16; AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.02, PME– PME 0.1, PME–PLE 0.08, ALE–PLE 0.02. Chelicerae 1.5 long, with four promarginal teeth and seven retromarginal denticles. LEG MEASUREMENTS. I—femur 4.0 /patella 1.6/ tibia 4.2/ metatarsus 3.9 / tarsus 1.9/ total 15.6; II— 3.9/ 1.59 / 3.8/ 3.6/ 1.5 /14.39; III—3.2 / 1.4/ 2.5/ 3.1/ 1.09 / 11.29; IV—4.1 / 1.5/ 3.6/ 4.5/ 1.3 /15.0. LEG SPINATION. I—tibia v2-2-2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, metatarsus v2-0-0, p0-1-0, r0-1-0; II—tibia v2-2-2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, metatarsus p0-1-0, r0-1-0; III—tibia p1-1-1, r1-1-1; IV—tibia p1-1-1. PALP. Retrolateral tibial apophysis short and curved; cymbium without retrolateral projection; apophysis at the base of the embolus bifid with secondary apophysis furrowed; embolus short; median apophysis long and curved apically; sperm duct with secondary looping not reaching the apex of the tegulum; subtegulum strongly projected; ventral tegular process inconspicuous ( Figs 30C–E , 31A–C ). ABDOMEN. Length 4.1, epigastric furrow 1.0 from tracheal spiracle, spiracle 2.0 from base of spinnerets. Female ( paratype , MIZA 07062) COLOR. Coloration as in males of this species ( Fig. 30B ). MEASUREMENTS. Total length 7.5, carapace 3.4, width 2.6. Clypeus height 0.1. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.14, PME 0.14, PLE 0.12; AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.02, PME– PME 0.18, PME–PLE 0.12, ALE–PLE 0.04. Chelicerae 1.6 long, with four promarginal teeth and five retromarginal denticles. LEG MEASUREMENTS. I—femur 3.1/ patella 1.4/ tibia 3.22 / metatarsus 2.9 /tarsus 1.1/ total 11.72; II— 3.1/ 1.2/ 3.0 /2.72 / 1.1 /11.12; III—2.1 / 1.1/ 1.6/ 2.2/ 0.73 / 7.73; IV—3.3/ 1.24 / 2.9/ 3.3/ 0.84 / 11.58. Fig. 31. Tafana orinoco sp. nov. , ♂ (MIZA 07062). A . Left palp, ventral view. B . Left palp, ventral view. C . Left palp, retrolateral view. Abbreviations: C= cymbium; E=embolus; MA= median apophysis; pABE =primary apophysis of base of the embolus; RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis; sABE= secondary apophysis of base of the embolus; ST =subtegulum; T=tegulum. Scale bars: A, C=0.5 mm; B= 0.2 mm. Fig. 32. Female genitalia, digested. A . Arachosia praesignis (Keyserling, 1891) (Amaurobioidinae) (IBSP 87975). B . Xiruana gracilipes (Keyserling, 1891) (Anyphaeninae) (IBSP 166120). C . Aysha prospera Keyserling, 1891 (IBSP 19783). D . Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer, 1802) (MCN) . E . Patrera fulvastra Simon, 1903 (MCN 24208). F . Tafana riveti Simon, 1903 (MCZ). G . Tafana straminea (L. Koch, 1866 ) (AMNH) . H . Tafana quelchi ( Pocock, 1895 ) (IBSP 32131). I . Tafana kunturmarqa sp. nov. (ICN-Ar). J . Tafana humahuaca sp. nov. (MACN-Ar 41788). K . Tafana pastaza sp. nov. (AMNH). L . Tafana nevada sp. nov. (AMNH). Abbreviations: CD =copulatory ducts; CO= copulatory opening; FD = fertilization ducts; H =hood; S1= primary spermathecae; S2 =secondary spermathecae. Asterisks to globose membranous extension of proximal copulatory ducts. Scale bars: A–B, D–I, K–L=0.25 mm; C=0.3 mm; J = 0.5 mm. LEG SPINATION. I—tibia v2-2-2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, metatarsus v2-0-0, p0-1-0, r0-1-0; II—tibia v2-2-2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, metatarsus p0-1-0, r0-1-0; III—tibia p1-1-1, r1-1-1; IV—tibia p1-1-1. EPIGYNUM. Hood narrow and rounded, connected to the lateral lobes; wide atrium; epigynal plate not covered by hyaline cuticle in the posterior region; sinuous and narrow lateral lobes. Internally, copulatory ducts large and short; secondary spermathecae above the primary spermathecae; primary spermathecae separated; fertilization ducts long, superimposed on the primary spermathecae ( Figs 30F–G , 33H ). Fig. 33. Female genitalia, digested. A . Tafana huatanay sp. nov. (MUSM). B . Tafana ruizi sp. nov. (IBSP 258183). C . Tafana silhavyi ( Caporiacco, 1955 ) (MNHN) . D . Tafana maracay sp. nov. (MNHN 11314). E . Tafana arawak sp. nov. (MNHN 11320). F . Tafana pittieri sp. nov. (AMNH). G . Tafana oliviae sp. nov. (MCZ). H . Tafana orinoco sp. nov. (MIZA 07062). Abbreviations: CD =copulatory ducts; FD =fertilization ducts; H =hood; S1 =primary spermathecae; S2 =secondary spermathecae. Scale bars: A–H =0.25 mm. Fig. 34. Distribution map of species of Tafana . Fig. 35. Distribution map of species of Tafana . ABDOMEN. Length 4.0, epigastric furrow 0.5 from tracheal spiracle, spiracle 2.1 from base of spinnerets. Distribution Known only from Venezuela ( Fig. 34 ).