Descriptions of New Species of the Diverse and Endemic Land Snail Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933 from Rainforest Patches across the Kimberley, Western Australia (Pulmonata: Camaenidae) Author Köhler, Frank text Records of the Australian Museum 2011 2011-11-30 63 2 167 202 http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.63.2011.1581 journal article 10.3853/j.0067-1975.63.2011.1581 2201-4349 5239547 1BCD4085-D2B9-400D-B504-8C85C30303D6 Amplirhagada carinata Solem, 1981 Amplirhagada carinata Solem, 1981: 205–208 , pl. 13e, figs. 37g , 43a–b, 45a–b Type locality . Western Australia , SW Kimberley , 5 km N of Mt Hart Station , immediately W of Mt Matthew , Upper Barker Drainage , King Leopold Ranges. Material examined ( Fig. 1 ). WAM S34759 (8 preserved specimens) , FMNH 220843 (7 preserved specimens) , WAM S34760 (13 dried shells) , FMNH 220842 (13 dried shells), all from 3.6 km SSE of Mt. Talbot , 3.2 km from coast, near Walcott Inlet ; 16°29'25"S 124°48'05"E , RFS-21-3; coll. V . Kessner, 21 Jun 1987 (“NSP36”) . WAM S34761 (8 preserved specimens) , FMNH 221066 (8 preserved specimens) , AM C.472938 (6 dried shells), WAM S34762 (13 dried shells) , FMNH 221065 (19 dried shells), all from 34 km S of Mt. Kitchener , 9 km from coast, S of Calder River ; 16°19'40"S 125°01'10"E ; RFS-27-1, coll. V . Kessner, 27 Jun 1987 (“NSP36”) . WAM S34763 (5 preserved specimens) , FMNH 221096 (5 preserved specimens) , AM C.472939 (5 dried shells), WAM S34764 (15 dried shells) , FMNH 221095 (20 dried shells), all from NW hump of The Dromedaries , E of Isdell River ; 16°34'20"S 124°56'40"E ; RFS-28-1, coll. V . Kessner, 28 Jun 1987 (“NSP38”) . WAM S34765 (4 preserved specimens) , FMNH 220782 (4 preserved specimens) , WAM S34766 (9 dried shells) , FMNH 220781 (10 dried shells), all from Walcott Inlet , 6 km E of Mt. Talbot , 2 km from coast; 16°27'30"S 125°50'30"E ; RFS 19-2 , coll . V . Kessner, 19 Jun 1987 (“NSP42”) . FMNH 220755 (2 preserved specimens) , WAM S34767 (11 dried shells) , FMNH 220755 (11 dried shells), all from Walcott inlet, 14.5 km E of Mt. Talbot ; 16°25'20"S 124°54'00"E ; RFS 18-4 , leg . V . Kessner, 18 Jun 1987 (“NSP42”) . AM C.472940 (6 preserved specimens), WAM S34768 (10 preserved specimens) , FMNH 220987 (15 preserved specimens) , WAM S34769 (17 dried shells) , FMNH 220986 (16 dried shells), all from 25.3 km WSW of Mt. Blithe , on Charney River ; 16°22'35"S 125°12'35"E ; RFS 25-2 , coll . V . Kessner, 25 Jun 1987 (“NSP42”) . Diagnosis Shell (Pl. 1.16; Fig. 46 A–C ) broadly conical to discoid with low spire, slightly to sharply angulated periphery, well rounded upper and basal sectors of whorls. Umbilicus 10–80% concealed by columellar reflection. Background colour pale yellowish brown; peripheral band usually diffuse, thin, brown, visible on most whorls; sub-sutural band diffuse, brown, thin; outer and inner lip colour like shell. Protoconch c. 1.5 mm in diameter, with about 1.5 whorls, with very indistinct radially elongated pustulations. Teleoconch with faint, regular axial growth lines; evenly distributed across shell surface.Angle of aperture 45–60 degrees; outer lip thin to moderately thick, well rounded, slightly to well expanded, not reflected; basal node absent or weak. Parietal wall of inner lip inconspicuous. Average shell size 10.7±16.9 × 1.4± 1.1 mm ( Table 1 ). Radular tooth formula C + 12–14 + 4 + 16–20, with on average 130 of rows of teeth (n = 4), jaw with 10 plates ( Fig. 46 D–E ). Penis heavily coiled within penial sheath, thick, longer than anterior part of oviduct, with thick penial sheath. Penial verge moderate in size, comprising c. 1/10 of length of penial chamber, conical, with rounded tip. Inner penial wall penial wall with dense, fine pustulation, main stimulatory pilaster weakly to well developed, extending about half of length of penial chamber, consisting of enlarged and partly fused pustules forming hooked corrugations or an elongated, conical pilaster; a gutter forming along inner penial wall. Vas deferens moderately thick, winding, entering penial sheath close to penial apex. Vagina moderately long, distally inflated, inner wall with rows of densely arranged triangular pustules. Bursa copulatrix clearly extending base of spermoviduct ( Figs 47–48 ).Aestivation strategy unknown. Figure 43. Amplirhagada epiphallica n.sp. SEM of shell, radula and jaw (WAM S34746 ). (A) Protoconch and first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (B) Detail of first teleoconch whorls viewed from above. (C) Close-up of sculpture on last whorl, lateral view. (D) Jaw. (E) Central and inner lateral teeth viewed from above. (F) Marginal teeth viewed from above. Scale bars: A–C , 1 mm; D , 100 µm; E–F , 10 µm. Remarks. Description based on dissections of four specimens . Material of three distinct manuscript species differentiated by Solem (1991), Amplirhagada NSP 36, NSP38, and NSP 42, are subsumed under A. carinata Solem, 1981 . Solem (1991) indicated serious problems with the correct delimitation of A. carinata and was puzzled by its unusually large distributional range. However, there are other congeners, such as A. burnerensis ( Smith, 1894 ) , A. pusilla Solem, 1981 and A. osmondi Solem, 1988 , that occupy similarly large ranges in the interior of the SW and E Kimberley. The various populations currently included within A. carinata indeed reveal considerable levels of anatomical differentiation. While inner penial wall always supports dense and conspicuous pustulation, a main stimulatory pilaster may or may not be developed. However, anatomical variation in shell and penial anatomy is large also within populations and I am not able to unequivocally delimit taxa by using these features. As outlined by Cameron (1992) for similar patterns of shell differentiation found in a number of camaenid species in the Oscar and Napier Ranges of the interior SW Kimberley, this might indicate the presence of unresolved species complexes that are currently undergoing the process of lineage differentiation (i.e., speciation). A careful analysis of the spatial patterns of anatomical and genetic differentiation is needed to resolve these problems and suggest a proper taxonomic solution for these species complexes.