On the genus Trachysalambria Burkenroad, 1934 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae), with descriptions of three new species Author Chan, Tin-Yam Author Cleva, Régis Author Chu, Ka Hou text Zootaxa 2016 4150 3 201 254 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.3.1 ddcdc8f1-17ec-4ff2-9f97-7f8a3f7e9d40 1175-5326 264370 323C3A73-8564-470D-94B0-4A71DAE9E940 Trachysalambria curvirostris ( Stimpson, 1860 ) ( Figs.15 , 20 C, D) Penaeus curvirostris Stimpson, 1860 : 44 [ neotype locality: Tosa Bay, Japan ( Sakaji & Hayashi 2003 )]; Kishinouye, 1900 : 23 , pl. 6-fig. 4, pl. 7-fig. 10, 10a–c. Penaeus ( Trachypenaeus ) curvirostris .— De Man, 1907 : 436 , pl. 33-figs. 56–58. Trachypenaeus curvirostri s.— Kubo, 1949 : 393 , figs 1V , 4A, 7I’, 9B, 21A, 32I , J, 41A–H, 47K, 51A-G, 59A, 68K–N, 75Q, W, 79C, 141; Liu, 1955 : 14 , pls. 4-fig. 3, 5-figs. 1-5; Kim, 1977 : 127 , pl. 14-fig. 8, text figs. 28, 29; Holthuis, 1980 : 53 (in part); Hayashi, 1986 : 77 , fig. 36; 1992: 143, figs. 74, 76b, 77b, 78b; Yu & Chan, 1986 : 167 (in part), unnumbered photographs in pp. 167, 170, lower unnumbered photograph in p. 169; Dall & Rothlisberg, 1990 : 103 (in part); Chaitiamvong & Supongpan, 1992 : 37 , pl. 49; Chan, 1998 : 927 (in part), unnumbered figs. Trachysalambria curvirostris .— Pèrez Farfante & Kensley, 1997 : 149 (in part), fig. 96; Motoh, 1999 : 15 , unnumbered photograph; Cha et al. , 2001 : 33 , unnumbered figs and photograph; Sakaji & Hayashi, 2003 : 153 (? in part), figs. 4–5; De Grave & Fransen, 2011 : 228 (in part); Kim, 2012 : 48 , pl. 18. [Not] Trachypenaeus curvirostris .— Ramadan, 1938 : 63; Hall, 1961 : 98; 1962: 29, figs. 110-110b. [= T. aspera ] [Not] Trachypenaeus ( Trachysalambria ) curvirostris .— Racek, 1955 : 235, pls. 4-figs. 2, 3, 7-figs. 4, 5. [= T. nansei ] [Not] Trachypenaeus curivrostris .— Miyake, 1982 : 11, pl. 4-4; Yu & Chan, 1986 : 167 (in part), upper unnumbered photographs in pp. 168 and 169. [= T. nansei ] [Not] Trachypenaeus curvirostris .— Yu & Chan, 1986 : 167 (in part), unnumbered lower photograph in p. 168. [= T. dentata sp. nov. ] Material examined. Japan . Ariake Sea , Kyushu , 0 2.1983, 10 males cl 12.7–14.8 mm , 10 females cl 10.5–23.5 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7086 ) . Supermarket in Tokushima , origin unknown: 0 5.1985, 3 females 23.0– 28.5 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7083 ) ; 11.07.1985 , 1 male cl 19.0 mm, 3 females cl 22.0–24.0 mm (MNHN IU-2014-7079), 1 female cl 24.4 mm (MNHN IU-2014-7080); 23.08.1985 , 2 females cl 24.0 and 28.5 mm (MNHN IU-2014-7085). Tanabe Bay , Wakayama , 26– 27.10.1986 , 1 male cl 10.5 mm , 16 females cl 12.5 to 18.5 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014- 7082 ) . Egawa , Tanabe City , Kii Peninsula , 50 m , 0 3.10.1988 , 5 males cl 10.5–13.2 mm , 22 females cl 10.5–26.3 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-6932 ) . Shirahama , 0 3.10.1988 , 2 females cl 13.0 and 16.0 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7081 ) . Tosa Bay , Kochi City market, 0 7.10.1988 , 2 females cl 18.5 and 19.0 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7084 ) . China. Jiaozhou Bay , Qingdao , 1 male cl 14.5 mm , 2 females cl 18.5 and 21.0 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7095 , ex SMF ). Yantai, Shandong : 07–08.1929, 2 males cl 12.0 and 12.5 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7098 ) ; 11.1930, 10 males cl 10.0– 12.2 mm , 12 females cl 8.5–16.0 mm (MNHN IU-2014-7094). East China Sea, 30°N, 1 female cl 29.0 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7096 ) . Amoy , 2 females cl 7.9 and 9.2 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7097 ) . No specific data, 2 females cl 20.5 and 21.5 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7099 ) Taiwan . Keelung fishing port , Keelung City : 0 7.05.1985, 1 male cl 17.1 mm , 1 female cl 22.2 mm ( NTOU M01935 ) ; 31.05.1986 , 1 female cl 25.6 mm (NTOU M01936 ); 10.02.1987 , 13 males cl 10.4-18.5 mm (NTOU M01937 ); 16.07.1988 , 5 males cl 17.3–18.2 mm , 2 females cl 21.2–24.5 mm (NTOU M01938 ). Dasi fishing port, Yilan County : 28.01.1985 , 1 male cl 16.5 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7102 ); 0 7.07.1985, 6 females cl 19.4–27.9 mm ( NTOU M01939 ) ; 0 7.03.1987, 3 females cl 16.2–27.4 mm (NTOU M01940 ); 10.03.1988 , 3 females cl 20.7–24.1 mm (NTOU M01941 ); 17.08.1989 , 3 females cl 12.6–17.1 mm (NTOU M01942 ); 23.09.1997 , 2 males cl 11.9 and 12.3 mm (NTOU M01943 ); 28.09.2007 , 1 male cl 14.5 mm (NTOU M01944 ), 1 female cl 22.7 mm (NTOU M01945 ); 0 8.01.2008, 5 males cl 16.0–19.0 mm (NTOU M01948 ), 1 male cl 14.7 mm , 1 female cl 18.8 mm (NTOU M01949 ); 3 females cl 22.5–26.5 mm (NTOU M01947 ), 1 female cl 26.2 mm (NTOU M01946 ); 10.01.2008 , 5 males cl 17.3–17.4 mm (NTOU M01950 ), 3 females cl 26.2–29.9 mm (NTOU M01951 ); 0 9.10.2011 , 1 female cl 25.9 mm (NTOU M01952 ). Jhuangwei , Yilan County , 40 m , 0 9.03.1987, 1 male cl 17.6 mm , 1 female cl 21.3 mm ( NTOU M01953 ) . Nanfang-ao fishing port, Yilan County : 0 9.07.1984, 2 females cl 22.5 and 24.0 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7087 ) ; 27.10.1994 , 1 male cl 17.1 mm , 1 female cl 14.1 mm (NTOU M01954 ). Nanlaio , Hsihchu County , 18.09.1984 , 1 male cl 16.5 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7101 ) . Hsinchu County , 21.03.2001 , 1 male cl 19.3 mm , 3 females cl 23.7–26.8 mm ( NTOU M01955 ) . Miaoli County , 0 6.06.2002, 1 male cl 12.5 mm , 6 females cl 18.5–24.0 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7088 ). Wuci fishing port , Taichung City , 16.01.1995 , 1 male cl 16.2 mm , 2 females cl 23.0 and 23.7 mm ( NTOU M01956 ) . Budai fishing port, Chiayi County , 20.01.1995 , 1 male cl 17.4 mm , 1 female cl 21.3 mm ( NTOU M01957 ) . Singda fishing port, Kaohsiung County , 24.07.1984 , 2 females cl 19.9 and 23.6 mm ( NTOU M01958 ) . Kaohsiung County : 28.01.1975 , 2 females cl 23.2 and 23.5 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7090 ); no specific date, 1 male cl 16.6 mm , 1 female cl 17.8 mm ( NTOU M01959 ) ; no specific date, 4 females cl 24.0– 26.9 mm (NTOU M01960 ). Donggang fishing port, Pingtung County , 16.03.2002 , 1 male cl 14.6 mm ( NTOU M01961 ) . Magong fishing port, Penghu County : 15.09.1996 , 5 females cl 16.6–16.8 mm , 2 males cl 23.0 and 27.2 mm ( NTOU M01962 ) ; 12.04.2016 , 3 females cl 23.3–25.8 mm (NTOU M02020 ), 2 females cl 25.1 and 25.8 mm (NTOU M02021 ). Penghu County , 10.10.1984 , 3 females cl 25.3–28.3 mm ( NTOU M01963 ) . No specific locality: 1985, 1 female cl 24.5 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7092 ); 1990, 3 females cl 22.0–26.0 mm ( MNHN IU- 2014-7091 ). No specific data : 2 males cl 10.5 and 17.0 mm, 4 females cl 11.8–22.5 mm (MNHN IU-2014- 7089); 1 male cl 16.4 mm , 1 female cl 21.2 mm (MNHN IU-2014-7093); 2 females cl 22.0 and 24.0 mm (MNHN IU-2014-7100); 1 female cl 15.1 mm (NTOU M01964 ); 1 male cl 16.9 mm , 2 females cl 20.3 and 21.0 mm (NTOU M01965 ); 1 female cl 21.4 mm (NTOU M01966 ); 10 females cl 20.9–28.2 mm (NTOU M01967 ); 15 females cl 15.5–27.5 mm (NTOU M01968 ). Vietnam . Phau thiet, 21.04.2009 , 1 male cl 17.9 mm ( NTOU M01969 ). Description. Entire body densely pubescent. Rostrum with 4–8 (usually 6 or 7, excluding epigastric tooth) dorsal teeth and with tip usually unarmed; more or less curve upwards in females, tip not particularly recurved downwards, ventral border distinctly convex and ventral margin of tip straight or convex, tips of rostral teeth aligned in a straight (more often in small individuals) or concave configuration; in males rostrum rather horizontal, straight or slightly curved upwards, tip not recurved downwards, ventral border straight to convex, tips of rostral teeth more or less aligned in a straight line; reaching between tips of second and third segments of antennular peduncle; postrostral carina low but well-defined and extending to posterior carapace. Pereiopods I to III with welldeveloped epipods. Pereiopod I with ischial spine generally distinct but occasionally minute. Pereiopod IV in females with coxa not medially expanded. Pereiopod V extending to 1/3–3/4 length of scaphocerite, generally longer in males but never reaching tip of scaphocerite. Abdomen with low dorsal carinae on somites II to VI; that on somite II short; somite III with dorsal carina distinct on posterior 2/3 of somite, anterior 1/3 of somite generally without dorsal carina or occasionally bearing rudimentary dorsal carina; ridges on somites IV and V posteriorly incised and not terminating in spines. Telson with blunt dorsolateral carinae, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of movable lateral spines. Male petasma with lateral margins of stem distinctly converging distally; distolateral lobes with ventral margins more or less straight, tips of dorsal and ventral flaps coinciding, forming sharp angle. Female thelycum with anterior plate semi-triangular, generally sunken or flattened; anterior margin of posterior plate distinctly concave, with median cleft. FIGURE 15. Trachysalambria curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860) , Taiwan: A, C, G, female cl 21.2 mm (MNHN IU-2014-7093); B, D–F, male cl 16.4 mm (MNHN IU-2014-7093): A, cephalothorax, lateral view; B, rostrum, lateral view; C, dorsal part of abdominal somites II to VI, lateral view; D–F, petasma, ventral, dorsal and upper views, respectively; G, thelycum, ventral view. Coloration. Body greyish blue to pinkish grey, color paler on lateral surfaces. Eyes dark grey. Antennular and antennal flagella reddish brown, sometimes paler in the former. Pereiopods pale white to pale pink with reddish brown patches. Pleopods pale pink to reddish brown with lateral surfaces bearing white patches. Uropods reddish brown to dark reddish brown with yellowish (occasionally pale whitish) margins except for basal 1/2 of inner margin of exopod and 2/3 lateral margin of endopod. Distribution. Only known with certainty from the northwestern Pacific to the north of South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand from Japan , Korea , East China Sea, Taiwan , Vietnam and Thailand ; at depths of 5–163 m and mostly less than 50 m ( Kubo 1949 ; Sakaji & Hayashi 2003 ). Remarks. The present species, previously believed to have a very wide distribution, appears to be restricted to the northwestern Pacific from Japan to north of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand . Nevertheless, this species has the northernmost distribution in the genus and can be found as far north as the cold waters of Hokkaido , Japan ( Sakaji & Hayashi 2003 ). As demonstrated in this work as well as by Sakaji & Hayashi (2003) , species of Trachysalambria are morphologically very similar and careful examination of the material reported from various localities is necessary to accurately determine the distribution of the species. Also, because of ambiguity and because the holotype of T. curvirostris from Shimoda was lost in the Great Chicago Fire (Evens 1967), a neotype from Tosa Bay was designated by Sakaji & Hayashi (2003) to fix its identity. Trachysalambria curvirostris is characterized by having generally fewer rostral teeth than other species and females with the rostrum curving upwards, postrostral carina extending to near posterior carapace, dorsal carinae on the abdomen rather weak and with those on somites VI and V not terminating in posterior spines, pereiopods I to III bearing epipods, pereiopod I generally bearing a distinct ischial spine and pereiopod V relatively short. Sakaji & Hayashi (2003) argued that T. curvirostris is distinct in the genus in having the rostrum bearing fewer teeth and an unarmed tip, as well as bearing distinct ischial spine on the pereiopod I. However, the tip of the rostrum may also be unarmed in T. albicoma (occasionally), T. palaestinensis (occasionally), T. nansei (sometimes) and T. crosnieri sp. nov. (often), likely due to these species generally have less rostral teeth. On the other hand, a few specimens of T. curvirostris with more rostral teeth have the tip of rostrum armed ( Fig. 20 D). For the ischial spine on pereiopod I, it is true that this spine is often distinct in T. curvirostris . However, pereiopod I may also bears distinct ischial spines in some other Trachysalambria species (e.g., T. aspera , T. nansei , T. palaestinensis , etc.) and this spine is occasionally minute in T. curvirostris . Nevetheless, T. curvirost ?ris can be easily separated from the other species of the genus by combining the above characters with its lower abdominal carinae but longer postrostral carina, as well as shorter pereiopod V. As mentioned by Sakai & Hayashi (2003) , there are large variations in the coloration of this species, which can generally be grouped into two color forms, though intermediate color forms often present. One form with the body mainly greyish blue ( Fig. 20 C) and the other with the body being greyish pink ( Fig. 20 D). Both forms are common in Taiwan (also see Yu & Chan 1986 ) and molecular analysis on the two color forms in Taiwan reveals almost no genetic difference (= 0.3% in the 12S and 16S rRNA genes) between them. It appears that species of Trachysalambria in the Indo-West Pacific have the body color also either pinkish or greyish ( T. brevisuturae in the eastern Pacific seems to have very different coloration, Fig. 19A, B ). Only T. malaiana , T. palaestinensis and T. albicoma have greyish body while all other species (i.e., T. longipes , T. dentata sp. nov. , T. parvispina sp. nov. , T. nansei , T. aspera and T. starobogatovi , with coloration unknown for T. crosnieri sp. nov. ) have the body pinkish. The greyish form of T. curvirostris is thus very similar to the coloration of T. malaiana , T. palaestinensis and T. albicoma . Nevertheless, the uropods seems to always have yellowish margins in T. malaiana and whitish margins in T. palaestinensis ( Fig. 19 E) and T. albicoma ( Fig. 20 E), but mainly yellowish and occasionally pale white in the greyish form of T. curvirostris ( Fig. 20 C). The pink form of T. curvirostris has the abdomen with some greyish color and the uropods generally with yellowish margins ( Fig. 20 D). In the other congeners with pinkish body color, there is no trace of grey color on the abdomen and the uropods are all white margined ( Figs. 19 C, D, F, 20A, B, F). Previous reports of T. curvirostris with the identification determined from their description, figures and/or photographs but without re-examination of material are those from Japan (e.g., Kishinouye 1900 ; De Man 1907 ; Kubo 1949 ; Hayashi 1986 , 1992 ; Motoh 1999 ; Sakaji & Hayashi 2003 ), Korea (e.g., Kim 1977 , 2012 ; Cha et al. 2001 ), Eastern China ( Liu 1955 ), Taiwan (e.g., Yu & Chan 1986 ) and eastern Thailand ( Chaitiamvong & Supongpan 1992 ). Although the records of T. curvirostris from Vietnam (e.g., Starobogatov 1972 ; Nguyen & Pham 1995 ) do not contain enough information for positive identification, the present material examined includes a specimen recently collected from a fishing port (Phau thiet) in Vietnam . Although T. curvirostris has often been reported from Australia and Sakaji & Hayashi (2003) also identified some Queensland material as this species, none of the Australian specimens examined, as well as the abundant material from the Philippines , Indonesia , Papua New Guinea and New Caledonia in this study belong to T. curvirostris . As discussed under T. nansei , those “ T. curvirostris ” specimens reported by Racek (1955) from the New South Wales are actually referable to the former species. Those “ T. curvirostris ” from Queensland reported by Schmitt (1926) and Dall (1957) have the postrostral carina indistinct or only reaching to the middle of carapace; they are not true T. curvirostris though their exact identities are uncertain. The color photograph of a “ T. curvirostris ” female from New South Wales provided by Grey et al. (1983) shows a pinkish body without any greyish color and uropods not yellow margined. Furthermore, the rostrum of this female is quite straight and therefore it is not true T. curvirostris (see also “Remarks” under T. aspera ). Other Australian reports of “ T. curvirostris ” (e.g., Racek & Dall 1925; Davie 2002 ) do not contain enough information to confirm their identifications. Therefore, whether T. curvirostris occurs as far south as Australia still needs to be verified. As discussed under T. aspera , the records of “ T. curvirostris ” from Red Sea by Ramadan (1938) and Singapore by Hall (1961 , 1962 ) actually refer to T. aspera . As argued by Sakaji & Hayashi (2003) , the photographs provided for “ T. curvirostris ” by Miyake (1982) from Japan are T. nansei while those in Yu & Chan (1986) contain a mixture of species including true T. curvirostris , T. nansei and T. dentata sp. nov. Reports of “ T. curvirostris ” by Liu & Zhong (1988) from the South China Sea, Kensley (1972) from South Africa , Ivanov & Hassan (1976 as T. aff. curvirostris ) from Mozambique do not contain enough information for positive identification. On the other hand, the Mozambique material of “ T. curvirostris ” reported by de Freitas (1987) is not the present species since the postrostral carina does not reach the posterior end of the carapace. However, whether de Freitas’ (1987) material belonging to T. aspera or T. starobogatovi still needs to be determined (see also “Remarks” under T. starobogatovi ). As none of the abundant material from the western Indian Ocean examined here belongs to T. curvirostris , the thelycum of a South African specimen of “ T. curvirostris ” illustrated in Pèrez Farfante & Kensley (1997: fig. 98) is highly unlikely the true T. curvirostris . Similarly, the exact identity of the Hong Kong specimen used for illustrating the petasma of “ T. curvirostris ” in Pèrez Farfante & Kensley (1997: fig. 97) is presently uncertain as quite a few Trachysalambria species may occur in Hong Kong and almost all the species of this genus have similar shaped petasma. It should be pointed out that many workers (e.g., Schmitt 1926 ; Kubo 1949 ; Sakaji & Hayashi 2003 ) considered the petasma figure of T. anchoralis ( Bate, 1881 ) provided by Bate (1888: pl. 35-1”) as belonging to the present species. Nevertheless, the petasma of T. curvirostris has been found to be indistinguishable from most of the other species in Trachysalambria and re-examination of Bate’s (1888) specimen for the petasma figure is necessary to determine its true identity.