Order Rodentia - Family Ctenomyidae Author Wilson, Don E. Author Reeder, DeeAnn text 2005 The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2 1560 1570 book chapter 0-8018-8221-4 10.5281/zenodo.7316535 Ctenomys Blainville 1826 Ctenomys Blainville 1826 , Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris: 62 . Type Species: Ctenomys brasiliensis Blainville 1826 Synonyms: Chacomys Osgood 1946 ; Haptomys Thomas 1916 . Species and subspecies: 60 species with 27 subspecies: Species Ctenomys argentinus Conterras and Berry 1982 Species Ctenomys australis Rusconi 1934 Species Ctenomys azarae Thomas 1903 Species Ctenomys bergi Thomas 1902 Species Ctenomys boliviensis Waterhouse 1848 Subspecies Ctenomys boliviensis subsp. boliviensis Waterhouse 1848 Subspecies Ctenomys boliviensis subsp. nattereri Wagner 1848 Species Ctenomys bonettoi Conterras and Berry 1982 Species Ctenomys brasiliensis Blainville 1826 Species Ctenomys budini Thomas 1913 Subspecies Ctenomys budini subsp. budini Thomas 1913 Subspecies Ctenomys budini subsp. barbarus Thomas 1921 Species Ctenomys colburni J. A. Allen 1903 Species Ctenomys coludo Thomas 1920 Species Ctenomys conoveri Osgood 1946 Species Ctenomys coyhaiquensis Kelt and Gallardo 1994 Species Ctenomys dorbignyi Contreras and Contreras 1984 Species Ctenomys dorsalis Thomas 1900 Species Ctenomys emilianus Thomas and St. Leger 1926 Species Ctenomys famosus Thomas 1920 Species Ctenomys flamarioni Travi 1981 Species Ctenomys fochi Thomas 1919 Species Ctenomys fodax Thomas 1910 Species Ctenomys frater Thomas 1902 Subspecies Ctenomys frater subsp. frater Thomas 1902 Subspecies Ctenomys frater subsp. mordosus Thomas 1926 Species Ctenomys fulvus Philippi 1860 Subspecies Ctenomys fulvus subsp. fulvus Philippi 1860 Subspecies Ctenomys fulvus subsp. robustus Philippi 1896 Species Ctenomys goodfellowi Thomas 1921 Species Ctenomys haigi Thomas 1917 Subspecies Ctenomys haigi subsp. haigi Thomas 1917 Subspecies Ctenomys haigi subsp. lentulus Thomas 1919 Species Ctenomys johannis Thomas 1921 Species Ctenomys juris Thomas 1920 Species Ctenomys knighti Thomas 1919 Species Ctenomys lami Freitas 2001 Species Ctenomys latro Thomas 1918 Species Ctenomys leucodon Waterhouse 1848 Species Ctenomys lewisi Thomas 1926 Species Ctenomys magellanicus Bennett 1835 Subspecies Ctenomys magellanicus subsp. magellanicus Bennett 1835 Subspecies Ctenomys magellanicus subsp. dicki Osgood 1943 Subspecies Ctenomys magellanicus subsp. fueginus Philippi 1880 Subspecies Ctenomys magellanicus subsp. osgoodi Allen 1905 Species Ctenomys maulinus Philippi 1872 Subspecies Ctenomys maulinus subsp. maulinus Philippi 1872 Subspecies Ctenomys maulinus subsp. brunneus Osgood 1943 Species Ctenomys mendocinus Philippi 1869 Species Ctenomys minutus Nehring 1887 Subspecies Ctenomys minutus subsp. minutus Nehring 1887 Subspecies Ctenomys minutus subsp. bicolor Ribeiro 1914 Species Ctenomys occultus Thomas 1920 Species Ctenomys opimus Wagner 1848 Subspecies Ctenomys opimus subsp. opimus Wagner 1848 Subspecies Ctenomys opimus subsp. luteolus Thomas 1900 Subspecies Ctenomys opimus subsp. nigriceps Thomas 1900 Species Ctenomys osvaldoreigi Contreras 1995 Species Ctenomys pearsoni Lessa and Langguth 1983 Species Ctenomys perrensi Thomas 1898 Species Ctenomys peruanus Sanborn and Pearson 1947 Species Ctenomys pilarensis Contreras 1993 Species Ctenomys pontifex Thomas 1918 Species Ctenomys porteousi Thomas 1916 Species Ctenomys pundti Nehring 1900 Species Ctenomys rionegrensis Langguth and Abella 1970 Species Ctenomys roigi Contreras 1988 Species Ctenomys saltarius Thomas 1912 Species Ctenomys scagliai Contreras 1999 Species Ctenomys sericeus J. A. Allen 1903 Species Ctenomys sociabilis Pearson and Christie 1985 Species Ctenomys steinbachi Thomas 1907 Species Ctenomys sylvanus Thomas 1919 Subspecies Ctenomys sylvanus subsp. sylvanus Thomas 1919 Subspecies Ctenomys sylvanus subsp. utibilis Thomas 1920 Species Ctenomys talarum Thomas 1898 Subspecies Ctenomys talarum subsp. talarum Thomas 1898 Subspecies Ctenomys talarum subsp. antonii Thomas 1910 Subspecies Ctenomys talarum subsp. occidentalis Justo 1992 Subspecies Ctenomys talarum subsp. recessus Thomas 1912 Species Ctenomys torquatus Lichtenstein 1830 Species Ctenomys tuconax Thomas 1925 Species Ctenomys tucumanus Thomas 1900 Species Ctenomys tulduco Thomas 1921 Species Ctenomys validus Contreras, Roig, and Suzarte 1977 Species Ctenomys viperinus Thomas 1926 Species Ctenomys yolandae Contreras and Berry 1984 Discussion: Cabrera (1961; based on Osgood, 1946 ) and Nowak (1999) listed two subgenera: Chacomys ( C. conoveri only) and Ctenomys (all other species). The validity of subgenus Chacomys has not been supported by subsequent studies ( Cook and Yates, 1994 ; Lessa and Cook, 1998 ). Thomas (1916 c ) placed C. leucodon in the subgenus Haptomys , an arrangement that is supported by sequence divergence ( Lessa and Cook, 1998 ). Penis morphology appears to be useful in examining relationships among species ( Balbontin et al., 1996 ). Sperm morphology ( Feito and Gallardo, 1982 ; Vitullo et al., 1988 ; Vitullo and Cook, 1991 ) has been used to suggest two major divisions but the sequence analysis of D’Elía et al. (1999) does not support those lineages. A mendocinus group was designated by Massarini et al. (1991 a ) composed of morphologically similar species: australis , azarae , mendocinus , porteousi , and C . sp. from Chasicó. Freitas (1994) included flamarioni and rionegrensis within this group, a conclusion supported by sequence analysis (D’Elia et al., 1999). In contrast with the predominant mode of speciation within the genus Ctenomys associated with chromosomal rearrangements ( Ortells, 1995 ; Reig and Kiblisky, 1969 ), members of the mendocinus group share relatively uniform karyotypes. Although a karyotype of 2n=48 is predominant, limited polymorphism has been reported in a single pair of chromosomes in populations of azarae and porteousi ( Massarini et al., 1998 ) resulting in karyotypes with a 2n=46-48.