Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria Author Padial, José M. padialj@carnegiemnh.org Author Grant, Taran taran.grant@ib.usp.br Author Frost, Darrel R. padialj@carnegiemnh.org text Zootaxa 2014 2014-06-26 3825 1 1 132 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.3825.1.1 1175-5326 4920347 1F6DEC4F-6E2A-45B6-A71C-3D6CF783FEDF Craugastoridae This taxon is equivalent to Craugastoridae of Pyron & Wiens (2011) except for the inclusion of Ceuthomantis (see below). The family Craugastoridae was originally named by Hedges et al. (2008a) to accommodate a primarily Middle American clade that included most species traditionally assigned to the subgenus Craugastor —first recognized as a clade on the basis of molecular evidence by Crawford & Smith (2005) and Frost et al. (2006) —plus an unexpected companion from the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil as its sister taxon, “ Eleutherodactylus ” binotatus , which was placed by Hedges et al. (2008a) in their new genus Haddadus together with H. plicifer . More recently, Pyron & Wiens (2011) found Strabomantis to be the sister of Haddadus and Craugastor . Because Strabomantis is the type genus of Strabomantidae ( Hedges et al. 2008a ), in order to rectify the paraphyly of Craugastoridae , Strabomantidae must be considered a junior synonym of Craugastoridae . Our analyses strongly corroborate this finding, with the inclusive Craugastoridae as sister of Brachycephalidae in the TA + PA results. Craugastoridae is composed of three major clades that we recognize as subfamilies Craugastorinae , Holoadeninae , and Pristimantinae ( Figure 22 ).