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<mods:title id="A86947936277446CC8C9B1DD3EC77555">An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="7B4EAD11194CFFD4D29FFCB4FEDC4A54" blockId="82.[151,1437,834,1185]" box="[151,347,834,861]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692194CFFD4D29FFCB4FEDC4A54" ID-CoL="494SM" ID-ENA="1333312" authority="(Leach)" baseAuthorityName="Leach" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[151,347,834,861]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Olfersia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifera">
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D29FFCB4FF794A55" bold="true" box="[151,254,834,860]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">spinifera</emphasis>
(Leach)
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<treatmentCitation id="FA508B00194CFFD4D2CFFC91FC984A88" author="Leach, W. E." box="[199,799,870,897]" page="11" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1817">
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692194CFFD4D2CFFC91FC984A88" ID-CoL="889C8" authority="Leach, 1817: 11 (Leach 1818: 557)" authorityName="Leach, 1817: 11 (Leach" authorityYear="1818" box="[199,799,870,897]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Feronia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifera">
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D2CFFC91FE0C4A88" box="[199,395,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Feronia spinifera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D39AFC91FDC14A88" author="Leach, W. E." box="[402,582,871,897]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="547 - 566" refId="ref79186" refString="Leach, W. E. (1817) On the genera and species of eproboscideous insects. s. n., Edinburgh, 20 pp., pls. 20 - 27. [also in 1818, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh, 2 (2), 547 - 566]" type="book chapter" year="1817">Leach, 1817: 11</bibRefCitation>
(Leach 1818: 557)
</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitation id="FA508B00194CFFD4D2CFFC7DFDF74AAC" author="Johnson, C. W." box="[199,624,907,933]" page="91" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1924">
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692194CFFD4D2CFFC7DFDF74AAC" ID-CoL="494SM" authority=": Johnson 1924: 91" authorityName="Johnson" authorityPageNumber="91" authorityYear="1924" box="[199,624,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Olfersia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinifera">
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D2CFFC7DFE154AAC" box="[199,402,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Olfersia spinifera</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D3ABFC7DFDF74AAC" author="Johnson, C. W." box="[419,624,907,933]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="85 - 92" refId="ref78436" refString="Johnson, C. W. (1924) Diptera of the Williams Galapagos Expedition. Zoologica, 5 (8), 85 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 190334" type="journal article" year="1924">Johnson 1924: 91</bibRefCitation>
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[records]; 
<treatmentCitation id="FA508B00194CFFD4D0FAFC7DFC384AAC" author="Curran, C. H." box="[754,959,907,933]" page="366" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D0FAFC7DFC384AAC" author="Curran, C. H." box="[754,959,907,933]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="347 - 366" refId="ref74075" refString="Curran, C. H. (1932) [The Norwegian Zoological Expedition to the Galapagos Islands 1925, conducted by Alf Wollebaek. IV.] Diptera (excl. of Tipulidae and Culicidae). Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 71, 347 - 366." type="journal article" year="1932">Curran 1932: 366</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
[records]; 
<treatmentCitation id="FA508B00194CFFD4D649FC7DFAA24AAC" author="Bequaert, J. C." box="[1089,1317,907,933]" page="132" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D649FC7DFAA24AAC" author="Bequaert, J. C." box="[1089,1317,907,933]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="131 - 138" refId="ref70196" refString="Bequaert, J. C. (1933) The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. No. 11. The Hippoboscidae of the Galapagos Archipelago (Notes on the Hippoboscidae. 8.) with an appendix on the Tabanidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 21 (11), 131 - 138." type="journal article" year="1933">Bequaert 1933: 132</bibRefCitation>
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[records];
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<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D2FFFC59FE534AC0" author="Bequaert, J. C." box="[247,468,942,969]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="417 - 611" refId="ref70310" refString="Bequaert, J. C. (1957) The Hippoboscidae or louse - flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part II. Taxonomy, evolution and revision of American genera and species. Entomologica Americana, 36, 417 - 611." type="journal article" year="1957">Bequaert 1957: 431</bibRefCitation>
[records]; 
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D047FC59FC104AC0" author="Linsley, E. G. &amp; Usinger, R. L." box="[591,919,943,969]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="113 - 196" refId="ref79804" refString="Linsley, E. G. &amp; Usinger, R. L. (1966) Insects of the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 33 (7), 113 - 196." type="journal article" year="1966">Linsley &amp; Usinger 1966: 173</bibRefCitation>
[checklist]; Guimar„es 1968: 8 [catalogue].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33EBFE9A194CFFD4D2CFFC24FA1A4AE4" box="[199,1437,978,1005]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="7B4EAD11194CFFD4D2CFFC24FA1A4AE4" blockId="82.[151,1437,834,1185]" box="[199,1437,978,1005]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D2CFFC24FEE64AE5" bold="true" box="[199,353,978,1004]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Distribution.</emphasis>
Native. Cosmopolitan over tropical seas; 
<collectingRegion id="B93563F3194CFFD4D13FFC25FC354AE4" box="[823,946,979,1005]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
: Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Cruz, Seymour.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33EBFE9A194CFFD4D2CFFC01FE394DA8" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7B4EAD11194CFFD4D2CFFC01FE394DA8" blockId="82.[151,1437,834,1185]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D2CFFC01FEBC4D18" bold="true" box="[199,315,1015,1041]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species is an obligate parasite of frigate birds (
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692194CFFD4D1A3FC01FBFB4D18" authority="Lacepede" authorityName="Lacepede" box="[939,1148,1015,1041]" class="Aves" family="Fregatidae" genus="Fregata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D1A3FC01FB834D19" box="[939,1028,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fregata</emphasis>
Lacépède
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D69EFC01FAC64D18" author="Bequaert, J. C." box="[1174,1345,1014,1041]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="417 - 611" refId="ref70310" refString="Bequaert, J. C. (1957) The Hippoboscidae or louse - flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part II. Taxonomy, evolution and revision of American genera and species. Entomologica Americana, 36, 417 - 611." type="journal article" year="1957">Bequaert 1957</bibRefCitation>
) that is suspected to be a vector of 
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692194CFFD4D3DFFBEDFDFC4D3D" authorityName="Kruse" authorityYear="1890" box="[471,635,1051,1076]" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Haemoproteus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D3DFFBEDFDFC4D3D" box="[471,635,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Haemoproteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasites in 
<collectingRegion id="B93563F3194CFFD4D118FBEDFC014D3C" box="[784,902,1051,1077]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
Pelecaniform birds (
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D671FBEDFAC34D3C" author="Levin, I. I. &amp; Valkiunas, G. &amp; Santiago-Alarcon, D. &amp; Cruz, L. L. &amp; Iezhova, T. A. &amp; O'Brien, S. L. &amp; Hailer, F. &amp; Dearborn, D. &amp; Schreiber, E. A. &amp; Fleischer, R. C. &amp; Ricklefs, R. E. &amp; Parker, P. G." box="[1145,1348,1051,1077]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1019 - 1027" refId="ref79310" refString="Levin, I. I., Valkiunas, G., Santiago-Alarcon, D., Cruz, L. L., Iezhova, T. A., O'Brien, S. L., Hailer, F., Dearborn, D., Schreiber, E. A., Fleischer, R. C., Ricklefs, R. E. &amp; Parker, P. G. (2011) Hippoboscid-transmitted Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida) infect Galapagos Pelecaniform birds: evidence from molecular and morphological studies, with a description of Haemoproteus iwa. International Journal for Parasitology, 41 (10), 1019 - 1027. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2011.03.014" type="journal article" year="2011">
Levin 
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D6CCFBEDFB7F4D3C" box="[1220,1272,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">et al</emphasis>
. 2011
</bibRefCitation>
). In the 
<collectingRegion id="B93563F3194CFFD4D29FFBC9FE974D50" box="[151,272,1087,1113]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
, it has been recorded from 
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692194CFFD4D049FBC9FC3A4D50" authority="Mathews" authorityName="Mathews" authorityYear="1914" box="[577,957,1087,1113]" class="Aves" family="Fregatidae" genus="Fregata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pelecaniformes" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="minor" subSpecies="ridgwayi">
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D049FBC9FCD74D50" box="[577,848,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fregata minor ridgwayi</emphasis>
Mathews
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D1FCFBC9FB3E4D50" box="[1012,1209,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">F. m. magnificens</emphasis>
Mathews (
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D73DFBC9FF544D74" author="Bequaert, J. C." pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="417 - 611" refId="ref70310" refString="Bequaert, J. C. (1957) The Hippoboscidae or louse - flies (Diptera) of mammals and birds. Part II. Taxonomy, evolution and revision of American genera and species. Entomologica Americana, 36, 417 - 611." type="journal article" year="1957">Bequaert 1957</bibRefCitation>
). This species is known to be infected by the epidermoptid mite, 
<taxonomicName id="BCF1D692194CFFD4D1C0FB95FB374D74" authority="Trouessart" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1906" box="[968,1200,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Epidermoptidae" genus="Myialges" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49857103194CFFD4D1C0FB95FBA84D74" box="[968,1071,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Myialges</emphasis>
Trouessart
</taxonomicName>
, which are bird skin parasites (
<bibRefCitation id="1F60D0E0194CFFD4D300FB71FE354DA8" author="Bequaert, J. C." box="[264,434,1159,1185]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="131 - 138" refId="ref70196" refString="Bequaert, J. C. (1933) The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. No. 11. The Hippoboscidae of the Galapagos Archipelago (Notes on the Hippoboscidae. 8.) with an appendix on the Tabanidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 21 (11), 131 - 138." type="journal article" year="1933">Bequaert 1933</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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