Systematics and biogeography of the ant genus Crematogaster Lund subgenus Orthocrema Santschi in Asia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Author Hosoishi, Shingo Author Ogata, Kazuo text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2016 2016-02-10 176 3 547 606 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12330 journal article 126748 10.1111/zoj.12330 6f1d30f9-d20f-415b-a70c-a65074943adf 0024-4082 5358180 SYNOPSIS OF ASIAN SPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS Orthocrema The worker caste of the subgenus Orthocrema was diagnosed by Blaimer (2012c) on a global scale. For the purpose of taxonomic convenience, we present the following characteristics for Asian fauna: 1. Mandibles with four teeth on the masticatory margin; the teeth located at equal distance each other in most species, but basal tooth located apart from other teeth in subterranean species ( Hosoishi et al ., 2010 ). 2. Palp formula 5, 3 ( Bolton , 2003 ). 3. Anterolateral margins of clypeus not protruded anteriorly ( Hosoishi & Ogata, 2012 ). 4. Clypeus usually striated with longitudinal rugulae; the length of rugulae variable in different species. 5. Antenna 11-segmented. Figure 51. Geographical distribution of the species of the C . biroi group. 6. Antennal club 2-segmented. Apical two flagellar segments clearly distinguished in coloration from other flagellar segments especially in the C . baduvi group. 7. Sensilla basiconica and sensilla trichodea curvata distributed in the apical two flagellar segments ( Hosoishi & Ogata, 2009c ). 8. Compound eye generally distinct and large, but strongly reduced in subterranean species ( Hosoishi et al ., 2010 ). 9. Ocelli rarely present in intermediate workers. 10. Occipital carina distinct. 11. Mesonotal ridges developed dorsolaterally, but weakly developed in C . masukoi and C . moatensis . 12. Ventrolateral katepisternal ridge distinct (Hosoishi, 2015). 13. Propodeal spines usually developed, but undeveloped or small tubercles in C . binghamii . 14. Petiole usually with subparallel sides. 15. Petiole usually with short process posteriorly. 16. Postpetiole not bilobed. If weakly bilobed, usually without distinct longitudinal median sulcus. 17. Fourth abdominal tergite with erect to suberect setae. 18. Body principally yellow, but sometimes partly brown to black in C . binghami group, C . biroi group, C . moatensis group and C . quadriruga group, but brown in C . baduvi group. Figure 52. Geographical distribution of the species of the C . quadriruga group. 19. Monomorphic in size; intermediate workers occasionally present. 20. Nesting in soil; some species nesting in dead twigs on lower vegetation. SYNONYMIC LIST OF ASIAN Orthocrema SPECIES In this study, five species groups are established within the Asian Orthocrema . The species groups were defined based on putative apomorphies and discrete morphological boundaries. The species groups recognized here will provide a possible basis for new monophyletic taxa. The C . baduvi , C . binghamii and C . biroi groups are relatively easily defined, but the C . quadriruga group is probably not monophyletic as currently defined. The C . moatensis group was represented by a single species since the position of C . moatensis in cladograms was always consistent. The taxa should ideally be monophyletic, but also considered as useful units for taxonomic purposes in the case of hyperdiverse genera. Crematogaster baduvi group C . baduvi Forel, 1912b . C . brunensis sp. nov. C . macracantha Creighton, 1945 . C . storki sp. nov. Crematogaster binghamii group C . binghamii Forel, 1904 . C . brevispina sp. nov. C . longipilosa Forel, 1907 . Crematogaster biroi group C . biroi Mayr, 1897 . = C . aitkenii Forel, 1902a . syn. nov. = C . biroi smythiesii Forel, 1902a . syn. nov. = C . urvijae Bharti, 2003 . syn. nov. C . fritzi Emery, 1901 . C . luzonensis sp. nov. C . masukoi Hosoishi, Yamane & Ogata, 2010 . C . ocellata sp. nov. C . osakensis Forel, 1900 . C . reticulata Hosoishi, 2009 . C . schimmeri Forel, 1912a . C . udo Forel, 1905 . C . vieti sp. nov. Crematogaster moatensis group C. moatensis sp. nov. Crematogaster quadriruga group C . bandarensis Forel, 1913 . stat. nov. = C . biroi andelis Santschi, 1928 . syn. nov. C . celebensis sp. nov. C . gavapiga Menozzi, 1935 . C . javanica Menozzi, 1935 . C . myops Forel, 1911a . C . philippinensis sp. nov. C . quadriruga Forel, 1911c . stat. nov. C . suehiro Terayama, 1999 . = C . miroku Terayama, 2013 . syn. nov. C . sundalandensis sp. nov. The species groups of Asian Orthocrema species Apomorphies of the species groups obtained by cladistic analysis are given in italics. Crematogaster baduvi group Relatively long scape (SI 98–118). Basal flagellar segment (antennal segment III) longer than broad. Propodeal spines long and directed laterally . Postpetiolar dorsum highly convex in lateral view ; postpetiole distinctly higher than petiole in lateral view . This species group is easily distinguished by the propodeal spines directed laterally and highly convex postpetiolar dorsum from other Asian Orthocrema species. Crematogaster binghamii group Basal flagellar segment (antennal segment III) longer than broad. Posterior margins of mesonotum forming short triangle-shaped process in lateral view . Propodeal spines undeveloped, or developed and directed posteriorly. Standing pilosity abundant on body surface . This species group is easily distinguished by the short triangle-shaped process on posterior margins of mesonotum and long and abundant standing pilosity from other Asian Orthocrema species. Crematogaster biroi group Relatively short scape (SI 70–89). Basal flagellar segment (antennal segment III) broader than long. Anterior margin of pronotal collar almost straight in dorsal view . Dorsal surface of propodeum striated with rugulae . Mesosoma sculptured. Subpetiolar process developed acutely. Subpostpetiolar process developed acutely . This species group is easily distinguished by the subpostpetiolar process developed acutely and sculptured surface of mesosoma from other Asian Orthocrema species. Crematogaster moatensis group Two apical flagellar segments not differentiated in coloration. Pronotum distinctly higher than pronotal collar. Metanotal groove not covered by lamellate ridges. Propodeal spiracles oval. Petiole long and slender. This species group is unique in having the metanotal groove not covered by lamellate ridges, oval-shaped propodeal spiracles and long and slender petiole from other Asian Orthocrema fauna. Crematogaster quadriruga group Relatively long scape (SI 81–100). Basal flagellar segment (antennal segment III) broader than long. Subpetiolar process developed. Subpostpetiolar portion wholly convex in lateral view. Mesosoma generally smooth and shining. This species group is distinguished by the subpostpetiolar portion wholly convex and smooth and shining surface of mesosoma from other Asian Orthocrema species.