Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) from the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait Author Radashevsky, Vasily I. 7637875A-94A6-4448-84AA-D7088014B501 A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia radashevsky@gmail.com Author Al-Kandari, Manal 632F0DFC-4397-41C3-96B2-E4ECA9053E01 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 22107, Salmiya, Kuwait mkandari@kisr.edu.kw Author Malyar, Vasily V. 65B422D0-4894-49A9-8463-1817F922D6E4 A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia thebotkininc@gmail.com Author Pankova, Victoria V. 37E172EA-932A-4EF7-B5CB-4E85318CD26B A. V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky Street, Vladivostok 690041, Russia pankova.victoria@gmail.com text European Journal of Taxonomy 2021 2021-10-01 773 1 120 168 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1519 journal article 267063 10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1519 2a85031f-9b9a-4dd9-b6f3-68a4b766e379 2118-9773 5544465 A018A660-F0D8-4411-AC25-77C089A75A57 Pseudopolydora achaeta Radashevsky & Hsieh, 2000 Fig. 3 Pseudopolydora achaeta Radashevsky & Hsieh, 2000: 223−226 , figs 4–5, 11a. Pseudopolydora achaeta – Lana et al . 2006: 50 . — Zvyagintsev et al . 2011: 53 . — Abe et al . 2014: 3−5 ; 2016: 654−656 , fig. 3; 2019: 6−11. — Bogantes et al . 2021: 581 , fig. 2a–b. Pseudopolydora aff. achaeta – Abe & Sato-Okoshi 2021: 56−57 , fig. 9a–b (larval morphology). Pseudopolydora sp. A – Radashevsky & Migotto 2006 : fig. 1c. Description Two specimens were found in Sulaibikhat Bay, Kuwait , comprising 20-chaetiger anterior fragment of a small juvenile and a 70-chaetiger complete female about 16 mm long and 0.8 mm wide (MIMB 40934; Fig. 3A–B ). Transverse bands of diffused black pigment present on dorsal side of up to 15 anterior chaetigers; small middorsal melanophores present from chaetigers 4−6 to chaetigers 10−12. Prostomium anteriorly weakly incised, notched or almost blunt, posteriorly extending to end of chaetiger 2 as a low caruncle. Occipital antenna present. Chaetiger 1 reduced, weakly separated from peristomium, with small notopodial and well developed neuropodial lamellae; notochaetae absent; neurochaetae comprising 1−5 very fine, hair-like capillaries. Chaetiger 5 same in size as chaetigers 4 or 6, with dorsal superior and ventral capillaries same in shape and number as those chaetae on chaetigers 4 or 6; two kinds of heavy spines arranged in a vertical slightly curved double row; noto- and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae present ( Fig. 3 C−E). Anterior-row spines pennoned, with curved pointed tip, without subdistal constriction ( Fig. 3F ), up to 22 in a series; posterior-row spines simple falcate ( Fig. 3G ), up to 19 in a series. Bidentate hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 8, up to 15 in a series. Branchiae from chaetiger 7 to chaetiger 15. Pygidium flaring disc with wide dorsal gap and dorso-lateral processes ( Fig. 3H–I ). Glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetiger 1, largest and paired in each neuropodium in chaetigers 6 and 7, single in other neuropodia. MG staining Intensely stained ventral and lateral sides and notopodial postchaetal lamellae of 15–16 anterior chaetigers, outer edges of branchiae ( Fig. 3C ); narrow transverse bands on dorsal side of branchiate chaetigers. Remarks Pseudopolydora achaeta was originally described from the South China Sea, Taiwan , as a common polychaete inhabiting tubes in soft sediments in brackish-water environments ( Radashevsky & Hsieh 2000 ). Since then, the species was reported from Paraná and São Paulo ( Brazil ) ( Lana et al . 2006 ; Radashevsky & Migotto 2006 ), Sea of Japan ( Russia ) ( Zvyagintsev et al . 2011 ), Pacific side of Honshu Island ( Japan ) ( Abe et al . 2014 , 2016 , 2019; Abe & Sato-Okoshi 2021 ), and from Florida ( USA ) ( Bogantes et al . 2021 ). Here, for the first time, we report it for the Arabian Gulf ( Kuwait ). The only female had small oocytes up to 65 µm in diameter developing from chaetiger 15 onwards ( Fig. 3J ). The morphology of the specimens fits the diagnostic characters of P. achaeta . The same pattern of methylene green staining was observed in the type specimens of P. achaeta from Taiwan (MIMB 3401). The wide distribution of this species outside of its native area in the Northwest Pacific can be explained by unintentional human-mediated transportations of larvae with ballast water of ships, followed by successful invasions. Fig. 3. Adult morphology of Pseudopolydora achaeta Radashevsky & Hsieh, 2000 (formalin-fixed and stained with MG specimens, MIMB 40934). A . Anterior end of a small juvenile, dorsal view, palps missing. B . Chaetigers 5–14 of a 70-chaetiger female, dorsal view. C . Chaetigers 3–15 of a 70-chaetiger female, left lateral view. D . Chaetigers 4–6, left lateral view, showing vertical arrangement of heavy spines in notopodium of chaetiger 5. E . Parapodia of chaetiger 5. F . Heavy spines from notopodium of chaetiger 5, focused on anterior-row spines with a pennoned distal end. G . Same, focused on posteriorrow falcate spines. H . Posterior end, dorsal view. I . Same, right lateral view. J . Middle female chaetigers, left lateral view. Abbreviations: arrow showing the direction towards the posterior end of the body; ch5 = ch7 = chaetigers 5 and 7; ne = nephridium; su = dorsal superior capillary chaetae; ve = ventral capillary chaetae. Scale bars: A, D–E = 100 µm; B–C, H–J = 200 µm; F–G = 20 µm. Distribution South China Sea: Taiwan ; Japan : Pacific side of Honshu Island; Brazil : Paraná , São Paulo ; Atlantic USA : Florida ; Arabian Gulf: Kuwait .