Three interesting fungi from American bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) in Yunnan, China Author Yang, Erfu 0000-0003-2385-6402 Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, People’s Republic of China & Master of Science Program in Applied Microbiology (International Program), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand & erfu 20170431 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2385 - 6402 erfu20170431@gmail.com Author Lu, Wenhua 0000-0001-7283-7596 Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, People’s Republic of China & reuven 0319 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7283 - 7596 reuven0319@gmail.com Author Tibpromma, Saowaluck 0000-0002-4706-6547 Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, People’s Republic of China & saowaluckfai @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4706 - 6547 saowaluckfai@gmail.com Author Dai, Dongqin 0000-0001-8935-8807 Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, People’s Republic of China & cicidaidongqin @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8935 - 8807 cicidaidongqin@gmail.com Author Gao, Ying 0000-0001-8671-1978 Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand & gaoying @ mail. kib. ac. cn; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8671 - 1978 gaoying@mail.kib.ac.cn Author Promputtha, Itthayakorn 0000-0003-3376-4376 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand & itthayakorn. p @ cmu. ac. th; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3376 - 4376 itthayakorn.p@cmu.ac.th Author Karunarathna, Samantha C. 0000-0001-7080-0781 Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, People’s Republic of China & National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Sri Lanka & samanthakarunarathna @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7080 - 0781 samanthakarunarathna@gmail.com text Phytotaxa 2023 2023-03-16 587 3 251 268 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.4 journal article 57817 10.11646/phytotaxa.587.3.4 3039d03d-f59e-4e59-87de-3d923e8f5fff 1179-3163 7744408 Trichoderma virens (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) Arx, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 87: 288 (1987) ( Figure 6 ) Index Fungorum number: IF 128198 FIGURE 6 Trichoderma virens (HKAS 125765). a Colony on PDA for one month. b–d Close-up of colonies. e , f Undeveloped conidia and conidiogenous cells. g , h Mature conidia with conidiogenous cells. i Chlamydospores stained by congo red agents. j Conidia. Scale bars: g , h = μm; i = 20 μm; e , f = 15 μm; j = 10 μm. Isolated from intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph on PDA: Aerial mycelium abundant on PDA, fast-growing, forming cream-yellow to green sporulation with maturity, with a distinctive odour, sometimes producing a farinose to granular mat. Conidiophores 20–30 μm high, irregularly branched in a dendriform structure. Vegetative hyphae 4–8 μm wide (x̅ = 6 μm, n = 30), branched, hyaline, smooth and thick-walled, septate, narrow and flexuous, terminal branched, often curved. Conidiogenous cells 5.5–8 × 3–5 μm (x̅ = 6.5 × 4 μm, n = 20), occurring in lateral and terminal clusters, pyramidal. Conidia 4–6 × 3–4 μm (x̅ = 5 × 3.5 μm, n = 20), catenated, obovoid to globose, hyaline to olivaceous, delicately roughened, aseptate, smooth-walled. Chlamydospores 8–11 × 7–9 μm (x̅ = 9.5 × 8.5 μm, n = 20), hyaline, thick-walled, globose to subglobose, terminal. Culture characteristics: Colonies growing on PDA reach 70–80 mm in diameter after one week at 27 °C, forming the hyaline to olivaceous to green sporulation in PDA. Obverse: aerial, fluffy, hyaline mycelium, peripheral fertile, creamy green to dark green. Reverse olivaceous to pale brown. Without pigments produced in PDA. Known substratum: Theobroma cacao (Hanada et al. 2010) , Betula pendula & Pinus sylvestris (Mulenko et al. 2008) , Soil samples ( Arx 1987 , Kindermann et al. 1998, Chaverri et al. 2001 , Zeng et al. 2016), intestinal contents of dead bullfrog larvae (This study). Known distribution: Unites States ( Chaverri et al. 2001 , Arx 1987 ), New Zealand (Kindermann et al. 1998), Poland (Mulenko et al . 2008), Brazil (Hanada et al. 2010), China (Zeng et al. 2016, This study). Material examined: China , Yunnan Province , Qujing Normal University , intestinal contents of dead American bullfrog larvae, GPS: 103°44’35”E , 25°30’46”N , 1856.6 m . Wen-hua Lu, ER2 (Herb. HKAS 125765 ) living culture KUNCC22-12508 . Notes: Morphologically, our isolate KUNCC22-12508 well fits the concept of Trichoderma virens by fastforming typical green sporulation in vitro , with obovoid, hyaline to olivaceous, slightly roughened conidia ( Arx 1987 , Chaverri et al. 2001 ). In addition, its chlamydospores were easily formed between the hyphae or formed terminally in the hyphae tip, similar results were also observed by Abd-Aziz et al. (2008) . Phylogenetically, KUNCC22-12508 has placed within Trichoderma virens strains, and separated well with neighbor species T. crassum and T. neocrassum with high statistical supports (100%ML/1 BYPP) ( Figure 3 ). Moreover, the BLASTn results of ITS, LSU, tef1-α and rpb2 expect our isolate KUNCC22-12508 100% similar to Trichoderma virens strains (LZ002, LZ012, Z051). Therefore, our isolate KUNCC22-12508 is identified as Trichoderma virens , a new host record based on morphological features and phylogenetic evidence.