Review of Oxystigma Selys with the synonymy of Oxystigma williamsoni Geijskes (Odonata: Heteragrionidae) Author Garrison, Rosser W. text Zootaxa 2014 3780 2 347 364 journal article 46158 10.11646/zootaxa.3780.2.7 3aef331c-7a5e-48ba-8731-a93a3a993511 1175-5326 226134 72C52670-4454-46D3-8D71-9BC8E8A98434 Oxystigma petiolatum (Selys 1862) Figs. 6–14 (head), 21–24 (thx), 25, 31–34 (setifer), 37–40 (wing base) 44–48, 52–57 (app), 58 (map) Leptogaster sordidus Hagen 1861 : 291 ( nomen nudum ). Heteragrion petiolatum Selys 1862: 30 [reprint 28] (description: types ♂, ♀, "Santarem (Amazone), par Bates" in IRSNB [not examined]); — Selys 1886: 66 (description); — Kirby 1890 : 124 (catalog). Oxystigma petiolatum : Williamson 1919 : 56 (description, illustration ♂, Tumatumari, British Guiana [now Guyana ]);— Rácenis 1959 : 365 (key);— Geijskes 1976 : 216 (key, treatment of species, diagnostic illustrations, selection of lectotype from IRSN);— Davies & Tobin 1984 : 42 (catalog);— Dunkle 1989 : 1 (Rondônia State, Brazil ); Garrison 1989 : 4 (behavior);— Machet 2004 : 146 ( French Guiana );— Machet 2006 :35 ( French Guiana ); Oxystigma ? petiolatum : Geijskes 1971 : 656 (record from Massikiri, French Guiana ). Oxystigma williamsoni Geijskes 1976 : 216 , 221 (key, treatment of species, diagnostic illustrations);— Santos 1981 : 71 (mention of larval description by Geijskes 1943 );— Santos 1988 : 333 (mention of larval description by Geijskes 1943 ); — Davies & Tobin 1984 : 42 (catalog);— De Marmels 1989 : 19 (Neblina Base Camp, Bolivar State, Venezuela , N 0.8306° , W 66.1611° );— Machet 1989 :7 ( French Guiana ); — De Marmels 1990 : 335 (checklist); — Wasscher 1990 : 79 (behavior);— Bridges 1994 : VII.252 (catalog);— Steinmann 1997 :156 (catalog);— Tsuda 2000 : 70 (catalog); — Belle 2002 : 2 (listed from Suriname );— Machet 2004 :146 ( French Guiana );— Machet 2006 :35 ( French Guiana ); — Heckman 2008 : 298 (key to species); Garrison et al . 2010 : 99 –100 (list). NEW SYNONYMY . Types . Heteragrion petiolatum : Lectotype ♂ and paralectotype 2♂ , 1♀: BRAZIL : Pará State, Santarém, Bates leg., in IRSNB [des. D. C. Geijskes 1976 : 216]; Oxystigma williamsoni : Holotype ♂, allotype ♀: SURINAME : Para District, Zanderij, Pontji Creek, in tandem during oviposition, 8 Jan. 1947 , D.C. Geijskes leg., in RMNH [examined]. Specimens examined. Total: 68 ♂ , 33 ♀. FRENCH GUIANA : Pied Saut, Oyapok river, { N 5.35° , W 53.68° } [no date], S.M. Klages leg., 1♂ (RWG); Approuague-Kaw, Kaw Mountain, 104 mao, malaise trap, FRG MF2 & 3, 4.5506°, W 52.1944° , 140m , 4–7 Feb. 2007 , N. Jönsson leg., 3♂ , 1♀ (RWG ex RH); Approuague-Kaw, 38 km E Mahury, bridge on D6 { N 4.42° , W 51.93° } 3m , 5 Dec. 2002 , Alex Reifschneider leg., 1♂ (RWG); SURINAME : Cayenne, weg n. vliegveld, bos bij sav. Kreek, RMNH.INS.512147, 7 Dec. 1954 , D. Geijskes leg. 1♂ (RMNH); Para Distr., Lelydorp kreekje Pericaweg, RMNH.INS.512091 { N 5.65° , W 55.22° }, 16 Jan. 1950 , D. Geijskes leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Upper Coropina creek (Dauwdropkamp), { N 5.53° , W 55.22° }, 29 July 1985 , J. Belle leg., 1♀ (RWG); Matta, Moerike kreek, RMNH.INS.512124 { N 5.47° , W 55.35° }, 20 Dec. 1963 , J. Belle leg., 2♂ , 1♀ (RMNH); Zanderij, Troelinde kreek, RMNH.INS.512123 { N 5.45° , W 55.21° }, 19 Aug. 1962 , J. Belle leg., 1♀ (RMNH); Zanderij I, kreekje bij aanplant, RMNH.INS.512088 { N 5.45° , W 55.21° }, 25 Sept. 1948 , D. Geijskes leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Dorp Anapaike. Noordzijde vm. In zwamp achtigegebied, vlak voor heuvel, RMNH.INS.512022 { N 5.42° , W 54.03° }, 20 Feb. 1963 , S. Ligonie leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Tafelberg, RMNH.INS.512040 { N 3.78° , W 56.15° }, 6 Nov. 1943 , D. Geijskes leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Exp. Wilhelmina geb., kamp 2 km 1, langs de kreek bij kamp 2 bovenwaarts in [illegible] onder taken, RMNH.INS.512107 { N 3.51° , W 56.44° }, 25 Sept. 1948 , S. Ligonie leg., 1♀ (RMNH); Brokopondo Distr., Brokopondo, RMNH.INS.512155 { N 5.45° , W 55.08° }, 4 Nov. 1972 , [no collector], 1♂ (RMNH); Phedra, RMNH.INS.512114 { N 5.33° , W 55.05° }, 11 Aug. 1963 , J. Belle leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Brownsweg (Mama kreek), RMNH.INS.512061 { N 5.15° , W 55.07° }, 29 Sept. 1964 , J. Belle leg., 2♀ (RMNH); Brokopondo, RMNH.INS.512474 { N 5.07° , W 54.97° }, 30 March 1966 , J. Belle leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Brokopondo, in bos, RMNH.INS.512056 { N 5.07° , W 54.97° }, 16 Dec. 1965 , [no collector], 1♂ (RMNH); Affobakka, RMNH.INS.512138 { N 5.0° , W 54.98° }, 27 May 1959 , J. Belle leg., 2♀ (RMNH); Kabel Makambi; boschpad, RMNH.INS.512023 { N 4.9° , W 55.14° }, 27 Sept. 1933 , J. Belle leg., 2♀ (RMNH); D. Geijskes leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Gansee { N 4.82° , W 55.07° }, 1 Nov. 1958 , J. Belle leg., 1♂ (RWG); Commewijne Distr., Copie, RMNH.INS.512098 { N 5.53° , W 54.80° }, 30 Nov. 1979 , [no collector], 1♀ (RMNH); Marowijne Distr., 3e kamp lijn km 14.3–15, lijn Moengotapoe, RMNH.INS.512413 { N 5.78° , W 54.17° }, 14 Oct. 1948 , [no collector], 1♀ (RMNH); Mooi Wane, savannebos, RMNH.INS.512090 { N 5.62° , W 54.16° }, 25 Sept. 1948 , D. Geijskes leg., 1♂ (RMNH); same data but RMNH.INS.512082 (RMNH); J. Belle leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Sipaliwini Distr., Voltzberg, kreekje, RMNH.INS.512121 { N 4.68° , W 56.17° }, 24 Sept. 1961 , J. Belle leg., 2♂ (RMNH); Stondansie { N 4.95° , W 56.78° }, 21 Sept. 1962 , J. Belle leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Coppename, monding Barikreek, RMNH.INS.512021 { N 4.83° , W 56.12° }, 16 Jan. 1950 , [no collector], 1♂ (RMNH); Lawa, Stoelmans eiland, bos v.d. rivier, RMNH.INS.512005 { N 4.35° , W 54.41° }, 18 Aug. 1953 , D. Geijskes leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Boven Corantijn, Sisa kreek, RMNH.INS.512101{ N 3.65° , W 57.80° }, 31 Aug. 1964 , J. Belle leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Suriname-Brazil grens, RMNH.INS.512127 { N 2.46° , W 55.03° }, 19 Aug. 1941 , L. Schmidt leg., 1♂ (RMNH); Werehpai, forest creek, N 2.3628° , W 56.6981° , 258m , 3 Sept. 2010 , N. von Ellenrieder leg., 1♂ (NZCS); same data but 1♂ 2♀ (RWG); same data but 2♂ 2♀ (NVE); Werehpai, forest trail, N 2.3628° , W 56.6981° , 4 Sept. 2010 , N. von Ellenrieder leg., 1♂ 1♀ (NVE); same data but 5 Sept. 2010 , 2♂ 2♀ (RWG); same data but 1♂ 1♀ (NVE); same data but 6 Sept. 2010 , 1♂ 4♀ (NVE); same data but 1♂ 4♀ (RWG); same data but 1♂ 1♀ (NZCS); forest trail, Kutari River Camp, N 2.1753° , W 56.7822° , 263m , 24 Sept. 2010 , N. von Ellenrieder leg., 1♂ (NVE); Kutari River, from boat, N 2.1753° , W 56.7869° , 226m , 23 Sept. 2010 , N. von Ellenrieder leg., 1♂ (NVE); ECUADOR : Sucumbios Prov., Shushufindi pipeline, near oil pipeline 3.5 km NW of Shushufindi village, small stream at edge of forest—flying in light rain (waypoint 425), S 0.1661° , W 76.6919° , 295m , 15 Jan. 2011 , D. Wagner, R. Vargus, W. Haber, et al , 1♂ (WAH); BRAZIL : Amazonas State, Barcelos municipality, Trilha Sr. Miranda Ig. 2, S 0.7808° , W 63.4608° , 40m , 25 July 2009 , U. G. Neiss leg., 1♂ (UN); Presidente Figueiredo municipality, S 2.0144° , W 60.0286° , 94m , 19 April 2008 , U. G. Neiss leg., 2♂ (UN); same data but 1♂ (RWG ex UN); same data but S 2.0333° , W 59.8625° , 128m , 1♂ (UN); same data but 2♂ (RWG ex UN); Reserva Campinas, 60 km north of Manaus { S 2.4° , W 59.85° }, 6 Feb. 1979 , Oliver S. Flint, Jr. leg., 1♂ (RWG ex USNM); Manaus, ca 5 miles north of Flores on route to Campos Sales; small creek in virgin forest { S 3.00° , W 60.01° }, 19 July 1922 , J.H. Williamson & J.W. Strohm leg., 1♂ (RWG ex USNM via UMMZ); Rio Preto da Eva, Instituto Adventista Agro- Industrial, S 2.695° , W 59.7358° , 51m , 29 June 2006 , Pes, A.; Azevedo, C.A.S.,leg. 1♂ (UN); Rio Preto da Eva, S 2.7989° , W 59.475° , 96m , 28 Sept. 2008 , J. Oliveira, leg. 1♂ (UN); Manaus, Res. Adolpho Ducke, in vegetation, primary forest, S 2.9308° , W 59.9831° , 96m , 28 Sept. 2008 , U. G. Neiss, leg. 1♀ (UN); Reserva Ducke, 26 km E Manaus { S 3.00° , W 59.94° }, 2–4 Feb. 1979 , Oliver S. Flint, Jr. leg., 1♂ (RWG ex USNM); Manacapuru, S 3.045° , W 60.77° , 62m , 24 March 2008 , Ulisses Gaspar Neiss leg., 2♂ (UN); Rio Preto da Eva, S 3.1189° , W 60.7303° , 70m , 16 April 2008 , Ulisses Gaspar Neiss leg., 1♂ (UN); Pará State, Óbidos { S 1.91° , W 55.52° }, 1986, [no collector], 2♂ (RWG); Rio Xingu Camp, ca 60 km S of Altamira, 1st jungle stream, trail 1 { S 3.65° , W 52.37° }, 2 Nov. 1986 , P. Spangler, O.S. Flint, Jr., 1♂ (RWG ex USNM); Rondônia State: 60 km S of Ariquemes, Fazenda Rancho Grande, farm of Harald Schmitz and environs within about 15 km radius, S 10.5300° , W 62.8000° , 165m , 16–24 March 1989 , S.W. Dunkle, 3♂ 3♀ (RWG); same data but 2–11 Nov. 1989 , R.W. Garrison, leg., 6♂ 2♀ (one pair in tandem—all taken while flying in rain). Diagnosis. See under O. cyanofrons . Remarks. Jérôme Constant, Merlijn Jocque and Marcel Wasscher kindly compared my illustrations of O. petiolatum against the type series in the IRSNB, confirming my application of the name to material I illustrate here as O. petiolatum . Selys's female has a setifer as in Figs. 25, 31–34 , male lectotype face as in Figs. 11, 12 , and cercus as in Figs. 52–55 . Cerci of males from Ecuador ( Fig. 57 ) and Rondônia State, Brazil ( Fig. 56 ) differ from males from more northerly populations ( Figs. 52–55 ) by the disappearance posteriorly of the transverse ridge. This condition results in the posterior end of the ridge terminating before the most prominent portion of the medial lobe instead of terminating beyond that structure. This termination forms a slightly costate transverse ridge on the medial lobe ( Fig. 56 b) similar to the more pronounced one on O. caerulans ( Figs. 41–42 ). At first, I thought this difference might be specific since the small series ( 6 ♂ , 3 ♀) I collected in Rondônia in November, 1989, shows a lighter face ( Figs. 11–12 ) compared to material that would normally be identified as O. williamsoni sensu Geijskes (1976, Figs. 6–10 ) . However, two pairs from Rondônia collected in March 1989 by S. Dunkle from the same locality have a dark face characteristic of specimens that would be classified as O. williamsoni ( Fig. 13 ). All of these males possess a cercus as in Fig. 56 . The Ecuadorian male is like the two pairs from Rondônia State collected in March. The setifer of all five females (March & November) from Rondônia is the same as I have illustrated for O. petiolatum ( Figs. 25, 31–34 ) from more northerly localities. Because I have been unable to find any other differences which would allow for a specific separation between these two groups, I consider all to represent O. petiolatum . Wasscher (1990, as O. williamsoni ) and Garrison (1989) noted the appearance of patrolling males, reproductive behavior, and oviposition of this species during times of rain. The Ecuadorian male I examined was, according to label data, also collected in the rain. Distribution. This species has the widest distribution of any species ( Fig. 58 ), occurring from the Guyanas south through northern Brazil . Isolated records exist for Rondônia State, Brazil , and Sucumbíos Province, Ecuador . The vast majority of males possess a dark face and would be classified as O. williamsoni sensu Geijskes 1976 . De Marmels ( pers. comm . 2013) kindly provided the following additional Venezuelan records (and approximate decimal coordinates) based on the results of my paper: Bolívar State: km 26, road El Manteco-San Pedro de Las Bocas; Jabillal (=La Prisión), lower Caura river) N 6.92º , W 64.70º ; km 38, El Dorado-Santa Elena de Uairén, N 6º50' , W 61.47º ; Cuchime (=Cusimi) upper Erebato river, a left side affluent of the Caura) N 5.70º , W 64.63º ; Amazonas State: Alto Mavaca N 2.0361º , W 65.1139º ; San Juan de Manapiare N 5.27º , W 66.08º ; Culebra, N 3.55º , W 65.83º ; Cácuri, Ventuari river, N 4.73º , W 65.30º (all MIZA). Pinto ( pers. comm . 2013) kindly provided the following additional Brazilian records (and approximate decimal coordinates) based on the results of my paper: Amazonas State, Itacotiara municipality, mil madeireira, shade, understory, { S 3.14° , W 58.44° }, (DZRJ 173), 10 Aug. 2001 , coll. L.M. Scoss (DZRJ); Pará State: Altamira municipality, Rio Xingú { S 3.20° , W 52.20° , 99 m }, Oct. 1963 , R. von Diringshofen, leg. (MZSP); Parauapebas municipality, Floresta Nacional de Carajás, collecting point Buritizal I - parte baixa (riacho), S 6.10° , W 50.13° , 600 m , DZRJ 174–175, 28 Sept. 2007 , N. Ferrreira-Jr. & V. Alecrim, leg. (DZRJ); Rondônia State, Porto Velho municipality { S 8.76 ; W 63.90 }, (DZRJ 172), 20 Sept. 1978 [no collector given], (DZRJ).