Review of the genus Chagasia (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) Author Harbach, Ralph E. Author Howard, Theresa M. text Zootaxa 2009 2210 1 25 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.189830 7da282e9-8437-4017-9c58-bad9557a9dc1 1175-5326 189830 Chagasia bathana ( Dyar, 1928 ) bathana ( Dyar, 1928 ) , in Curry, 1928 : 244 (Ƥ L P, Anopheles ), holotype ƤLePe (USNM): Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama . Diagnosis. The adults of Ch . bathana are distinguished from those of other species of Chagasia as follows: scales on front of anterior promontory usually concolorous with dorsocentral scales, usually yellow sometimes white; acrostichal scales all pale ( Fig. 3 A) (distinction from Ch . ablusa , Ch . fajardi and Ch . rozeboomi ); without short line of pale scales on mesal margin of supraalar scales (distinction from Ch . fajardi ); veins of wing with mixture of dark and pale scales (distinction from Ch . ablusa , Ch . fajardi and Ch . rozeboomi ); hindtibia with distinct semi-erect clusters of dark scales (as in Fig. 4 A) (distinction from Ch . fajardi and Ch . rozeboomi ); hindtarsomeres 2–5 with postbasal dark bands (unique) ( Fig. 5 A), postbasal band of tarsomere 5 sometimes (and that of tarsomere 4 occasionally) obsolescent or absent, basal pale band of hindtarsomere 2 moderately long, hindtarsomere 5 with apical dark band (distinction from Ch . bonneae ), sometimes extended proximally on ventral surface (as in Ch . bonneae ). Males have many stout specialised setae on the dorsomesal prominence of the gonocoxite and setae are absent from the claspette (as in Fig. 1 C) (distinctions from Ch . ablusa , Ch . fajardi and Ch . rozeboomi ). Larvae have long setae 5- and 7-C (distinction from Ch . rozeboomi ); seta 5-C is inserted more or less in line with base of antenna, its rachis extends forward to a point less than halfway to the insertion of seta 4-C and the distance between the insertions of the 2 seta 5- C is greater than the distance between the insertions of setae 5- and 7-C (distinctions from Ch . ablusa ); seta 11-C is shorter than seta 13-C and the antenna, about three-quarters as long (distinction from Ch . ablusa , Ch . bonneae and Ch . rozeboomi ); seta 15-C is long, single or split distally and extends to seta 14-C (distinction from Ch . bonneae ); and seta 1-P has long aciculae that arise near the middle of each primary branch (distinction from Ch . rozeboomi ). Pupae have no diagnostic features but they differ from pupae of Ch . bonneae in lacking a ligulate process on the rim of the trumpet. FIGURE 4. Hindtibia (anterior view) of (A) Chagasia ablusa and (B) Ch. fajardi showing the presence and absence of semi-erect clusters of dark scales, respectively. Etymology. This species was originally described as Anopheles ( Chagasia ) bathanus . According to Kitzmiller (1982) , the species was named in honour of Mr C.H. Bath, a sanitary inspector for the Panama Canal Zone Company. Mr Bath obtained the type female bred from a larva collected near Gatun, Canal Zone ( Curry, 1928: 245 ). FIGURE 5. Hindtarsus (anterior view) of (A) Chagasia bathana , (B) Ch. bonneae , (C) Ch. fajardi , (D) Ch. ablusa and (E) Ch. rozeboomi . Discussion. As far as is currently known, the distribution of Ch . bathana only overlaps with the distributions of Ch . ablusa and Ch . bonneae in northwestern areas of South America ( Ecuador to Venezuela ). The adults of Ch . bathana are easily distinguished from the adults of the other two species by the presence of postbasal dark bands on tarsomeres 4–5 of the hindleg. Damaged specimens and rare specimens that lack the postbasal bands are easily distinguished from Ch . ablusa by the mixture of dark and pale scales on the wings, but it would not be possible to distinguish them from Ch . bonneae . Distribution. Belize , Colombia , Costa Rica , Ecuador , Honduras , French Guiana , Guatemala , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama and Venezuela . Records of Ch . bathana in Peru ( Villanueva Rodriguez, 1961 ; Forattini et al ., 1970 ) refer to Ch . bonneae . The distribution of Ch . bathana appears to extend no further south than Ecuador ( Lev-Castillo, 1945; present observations ). Material examined. Three hundred and eleven specimens: BELIZE , Cayo , Caves Branch (1Ƥ), Chiquibul National Park (4Ƥ), Hummingbird Highway (2Ƥ); Stann Creek (7Ƥ). COSTA RICA , Guanacaste , Arado (2L); Heredia , Lagunilla (1L); Limon , Barra de Cobrado (2Ƥ), Puerto Viejo (6L); Puntarenas , Aguirre (1Ƥ), Rio Seco (4L). ECUADOR , Pichincha , Santo Dimingo (21Ƥ, 53). GUATAMALA , Petén , Santa Teresa (1Ƥ). HONDURAS , Colón , Trujillo (5Ƥ, 13, 1L). MEXICO , Chiapas , Palenque (2L). NICARAGUA , Zelaya , Bluefields (14Ƥ). PANAMA , Bocas del Toro , Almirante (3Ƥ, 33, 23G, 1Le, 7L), Isla Colon (4L); Canal Zone (34Ƥ, 213, 33G, 46Le, 44Pe, 5L); Darien , Purco (2Ƥ, 1Pe); Tocumen , Cerro Azul (1LePe); unknown localities (1Ƥ, 83, 53G, 7Le, 3Pe, 23L). VENEZUELA , unknown locality (2L). FIGURE 6. Wing of Ch. fajardi showing the pale spots that are usually present on the radius (upper arrow) and at the base of media-two (lower arrow). Literature. Dyar, 1928 : 428, 433 (as bathanus , Costa Rica , Panama , 3 Ƥ L); Shannon, 1931 : 152, 153 (as bathanus , taxonomy); Curry, 1932 : 369 (as bathanus , Panama , L, bionomics); Edwards, 1932 : 32 (as bathanus , type data); Senevet, 1934 : 29–33, 59, 67 (as bathanus , Panama , P*); Martini, 1935 : 25–26 (as bathanus , Mexico ); Gabaldon et al ., 1940 : 58–62 (as bathanus , Venezuela , A L* P*); Kumm et al ., 1940 : 388, 389, 391, 392, 412–413, 419 (as bathanus , Costa Rica , bionomics, identification); Komp, 1941 : 89, 92, 94, 96 (as bathanus , Ƥ L 3G keys); Rozeboom, 1941 : 98 (as bathanus , Belize , Costa Rica , Mexico , Panama , Venezuela , bionomics); Floch & Abonnenc, 1942 : 1 (as bathanus , distribution); Komp, 1942 : 5, 38, 41, 43, 46–47, 79, 82–86, 131, 133–134, 166, 177, 180 (as bathanus , Belize [as British Honduras ], Colombia , Costa Rica , Mexico , Panama , Venezuela , 3* Ƥ* L* P*); Simmons & Aitkin, 1942 : 39, 41, 48, 54, 62–63 (as bathanus , 3 Ƥ L keys, distribution, bionomics); Gast Galvis, 1943 : 9 (as bathanus , 3 Ƥ L); Russell et al ., 1943 : 24, 30, 35, 39 (as bathanus , Ƥ L, bionomics, distribution); Causey et al ., 1945 : 341, 344–346 (as bathanus , 3 Ƥ L*); Leví-Castillo, 1945 : 17–29, 143, 145, 148, 149, 163, pls I, XIII–XV, map (as bathanus , Ecuador , 3* Ƥ* L* P*, L bionomics, keys, distribution); Pelaez, 1945 : 71, 72, 77 (as bathanus , Mexico , Ƥ* in key); Arnett, 1947 : 187–188 (as bathanus , Panama , bionomics); Knight & Chamberlain, 1948 : 9, 11 (as bathanus , P*); Rachou, 1948 : 715–717 (as bathanus , L, identification); Vargas, 1949 : 231, 234, 235 (as bathanus , P); Galindo et al ., 1950 : 549, 552, 555, 566, 568, 569 (as bathanus , Panama , Ƥ, bionomics); Vargas & Martinez Palacios, 1950 : 2, 5, 8, 42, 43, 47, 50, 54, 61–64 (as bathanus , Mexico , 3* Ƥ L* P, bionomics, identification); Levi-Castillo, 1951 : 79 (as bathanus , list); Gabaldon & Cova-Garcia, 1952 : 178, 185, 186, 197, Fig. 8F (as bathanus , Costa Rica , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Panama ); Lane, 1953 : 139, 140, 146– 147 (as bathanus , Belize , Costa Rica , Guatemala , Mexico , Panama , Venezuela , 3* Ƥ L*); Horsfall, 1955 : 41, 179 (as bathanus , distribution, L, bionomics); Trapido et al ., 1955 : 533, 536, 537, 538, 539 (as bathanus , Panama , Ƥ, bionomics); Vargas & Martinez Palacios, 1956 : 10, 11, 12, 44, 45, 48, 52, 55, 58, 62–63, 137, 140, 145, 157, 163, 171 (as bathanus , Mexico , 3* Ƥ* E L* P, bionomics, distribution); Galindo & Trapido, 1957: 146 (as bathanus , Nicaragua , A); Trapido & Galindo, 1957: 123, 124, 125, 129, 130 (as bathanus , Panama , Ƥ, bionomics); Senevet, 1958 : 8 (as bathanus , catalogue); Stone et al ., 1959 : 10 (catalogue); Cova- Garcia, 1961 : 62–64, 108–109, 148–149, 163, 164, 178, 181, 182, 183, Tables 1, 2, 3 (as bathanus , Venezuela , 3* Ƥ* L*); Villanueva Rodriguez, 1961 : 217, 218 (as bathanus , in part, distribution other than Peru ); Forattini, 1962 : 306, 469 (as bathanus , distribution, A,L keys); García & Ronderos, 1962 : Fig. 58 (as bathanus , L*); Forattini et al ., 1970 : 20 (as bathanus , in part, Panama , collection); Bertram, 1971 : 745, 747, 748, 749, 750, 752, 753, 754 ( Belize [as British Honduras ], A, bionomics); Knight, 1971 : 192 (L*); Mattingly, 1971 : Figs 21c, 43a (L* P*); Baerg & Boreham, 1974 : 631 ( Panama , E*); Fauran & Pajot, 1974 : 100 ( French Guiana ); Cova Garcia & Sutil O ., 1975a : 8 (as bathanus , Venezuela , L*, identification); Cova Garcia & Sutil O ., 1975b : 202 (as bathanus , Venezuela , Ƥ*, identification); Cova Garcia & Sutil O ., 1976 : 16 (as bathanus , Venezuela , 3*, identification); Cova Garcia & Sutil O ., 1977 : 32, 53, 73 (as bathanus , Venezuela , 3* Ƥ* L*, identification); Heinemann & Belkin, 1977a : 261, 282 ( Costa Rica , collection record); Heinemann & Belkin, 1977b : 410, 411, 414, 449, 452 ( Belize , Nicaragua , collection records); Knight & Harbach, 1977 : 460 (L*); Knight & Stone, 1977 : 67 (catalogue, excluding Peru ); Harbach, 1978: 311 (L*); Heinemann & Belkin, 1978a : 124, 151, 152, 153, 168, 170, 175, 183, 191, 192, 194 ( Panama , collection records); Kreutzer, 1978 : 554–558 ( Panama , karyotype*); Harbach & Knight, 1980 : 244, 245 (Fig. 64d); Sutil O ., 1980 : 11, 24 ( Venezuela , list); White, 1980 : 245, 252 (karyotype); Rao & Rai, 1987 : 321, 329, 330, 331 (karyotype, chromosome evolution); Clark-Gil & Darsie, 1990: 155, 167, 183, 206, 218, 241, 246 ( Guatemala , A, L, identification, bionomics); Wilkerson & Strickman, 1990 : 8, 10, 14, 32 ( Belize , Costa Rica , Guatemala , Mexico , Nicaragua , Panama , Ƥ*, identification); Mora et al ., 1994 : 159 (as bathanus , Venezuela ); Guimarães, 1997 : 29–30 (catalogue, excluding Peru ); Berti et al ., 1998 : 23 ( Venezuela ); Harbach & Kitching, 1998 : 367; Reinert, 1999 : 77 (P); Moreno et al ., 2000 : 24, 25, 28 ( Venezuela , L, bionomics); Krzywinski et al ., 2001a : 480, 483 (molecular phylogenetics); Krzywinski et al ., 2001b : 542, 543, 545, 546, 548 (molecular phylogenetics); Forattini, 2002 : 194, 195, 241 (A, L, distribution); Pecor et al ., 2002 : 244, 272, 373 ( Belize , L, bionomics); Sallum et al ., 2002 : 363, 369, 370, 372, 373, 374, 375 (molecular phylogenetics); Harbach & Kitching, 2005 : 364 (cladistic analysis); Rubio-Palis, 2005 : 1, 2 ( Venezuela , list).