Polycladida (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) from Cape Verde and related regions of Macaronesia Author Cuadrado, Daniel F0C14D94-9996-4A20-9D56-B02DDA1A78CA Departmento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c / José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. Marine Invertebrates Department, Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. Servicio de Biodiversidad, Gobierno de Canarias, Edif. Usos Múltiples I, Av. Anaga n ° 35, Pl. 11, 38071 S / C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. cuadradopm@hotmail.com Author Rodríguez, Jorge B833502E-CBA4-40CA-AE5A-BAD02F539062 Marine Invertebrates Department, Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. jorge.rodriguezmonter@austmus.gov.au Author Moro, Leopoldo B66DDDE6-98E6-42FD-8E58-A1DF6A386BE5 Servicio de Biodiversidad, Gobierno de Canarias, Edif. Usos Múltiples I, Av. Anaga n ° 35, Pl. 11, 38071 S / C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. lmoraba@gobernodecanarias.org Author Grande, Cristina C8634A50-D3EC-467A-A868-225C231B40F2 Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. cristina.grande@uam.es Author Noreña, Carolina DD03B71F-B45E-402B-BA32-BB30343E0D95 Departmento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c / José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. Marine Invertebrates Department, Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. Servicio de Biodiversidad, Gobierno de Canarias, Edif. Usos Múltiples I, Av. Anaga n ° 35, Pl. 11, 38071 S / C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. norena@mncn.csic.es text European Journal of Taxonomy 2021 2021-02-24 736 1 43 journal article 8034 10.5852/ejt.2021.736.1249 abae667f-9034-4d62-a010-b901ece4a71c 2118-9773 4561525 FC9085BE-73C4-4F33-BD9B-6A9F573AB01D Gnesioceros sargassicola ( Mertens, 1833 ) Figs 1B , 7L Planaria sargassicola Mertens, 1833: 13–14 , pl. I, figs 4–6. Stylochus Mertensi Diesing, 1850: 216 . Stylochus sargassicola – Ehrenberg 1836: 67 . — Claparède 1861: 143 . Planocera sargassicola – Örsted 1844: 48 . Gnesioceros sargassicola – Diesing 1862: 571 . Gnesioceros Mertensi – Diesing 1862: 572 . Stylochus Mertensi – Moseley 1877: 23 . Material examined CANARY ISLANDS – Gran Canaria Island • 1 spec. ; Pasito Blanco ; 27°44′50.46″ N , 15°37′31.85″ W ( Fig. 1B C1 ); 4 Jan. 2017 ; Leopoldo Moro leg.; RCCN . – Tenerife Island • 1 spec. ; 28°24′35.71″ N , 16°18′25.31″ W ( Fig. 1B C 2 ); 7 Jun. 2011 ; Leopoldo Moro leg. RCCN . Distribution Bermuda Islands ( Hyman 1939 ); Sargasso Sea, Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean ( Faubel 1983 ); Gulf of Mexico ( Hyman 1954 ); Atlantic Ocean ( Moseley 1877 ); Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde ( Laidlaw 1903 ); Santa Marta, Colombia ( Quiroga 2008 ); Netherlands , Puerto Rico , Florida , USA , Sargasso Sea, Atlantic Ocean ( Marcus & Marcus 1968 ). New records Pasito Blanco, Gran Canaria, and Tenerife, Canary Islands . Remarks Gnesioceros sargassicola was limited to the Antilles and the Caribbean Sea until the record of Laidlaw (1903) for the Cape Verde Islands. The new record of G. sargassicola for the Canary Islands shows a progressive ‘colonisation’ of the Atlantic east coast. Molecular analysis The main purpose of the 28S analysis was to confirm the determinations made from the morphological study and verify the relationships among similar species. The recovered topology by both trees, Bayesian Inference (BI) as well as Maximum Likelihood (ML) strongly supports the monophyly of the suborders Acotylea and Cotylea (Fig. 8; Acotylea : BPP (Bayesian posterior probabilities) = 1 and BS (Bootstrap values of ML analysis) = 73, Cotylea : BPP = 0.98, BS = 100). Within Acotylea , the monophyly of Leptoplanoidea (BPP = 1, BS = 97) and Stylochoidea (BPP = 1, BS = 73) is well supported. Callioplana marginata Stimpson, 1857 considered within the superfamily Stylochoidea appears isolated with the highest support (BS = 100). As a sister group of Leptoplanoidea , there is a clade of species: Ilyella gigas ( Schmarda 1859 ) , Discocelis tigrina ( Blanchard, 1847 ) , Adenoplana evelinae Marcus, 1950 , Amemiyaia pacifica Kato, 1944 and Phaenocelis medvedica Marcus, 1952 showing low support and not clearly grouped (Fig. 8). The main group of Leptoplanoidea encloses the family Leptoplanidae , with the genera Leptoplana Ehrenberg, 1831 and Armatoplana Faubel, 1983 , and the family Notoplanidae Marcus & Marcus, 1966 with the genera Notoplana Laidlaw, 1903 and Notocomplana Faubel, 1983 . Pseudostylochus Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918 and Koinostylochus Faubel, 1983 appear together and belong to the family Pseudostylochidae Faubel, 1983 . Within Stylochoidea , four main clades are recovered: family Stylochidae with the genera Stylochus , Imogine Girard, 1853 and Paraplanocera Laidlaw, 1903 (see the Discussion); family Latocestidae Laidlaw, 1903 with Leptostylochus Bock, 1925 and Latocestus ; family Hoploplanidae StummerTraunfels, 1933 with Hoploplana Laidlaw, 1902 and finally family Planoceridae with Paraplanocera Laidlaw, 1903 and Planocera . Callioplana marginata can be considered a sister group of Stylochoidea . Within the suborder Cotylea , the families Cestoplanidae Lang, 1884 , Pericelidae Laidlaw, 1902 and Anonymidae represented by the genera Cestoplana Lang, 1884 (BPP = 1, BS 100), Pericelis (BPP = 1, BS 100) and Anonymus (BPP = 1, BS 100), respectively are presented as isolated groups. While Boninia Bock, 1923 , Chromyella Correa, 1958 and Theama Marcus, 1949 form a well-supported group (BPP = 1, BS = 100), although currently belonging to separate families and not specifically related to each other. After Anonymidae , we find a well-supported branch (BPP = 0.9, BS = 95) that encompasses the families Prosthiostomidae Lang, 1884 , Euryleptidae and Pseudocerotidae . This branch is, in turn, divided into two main branches (both supported by maximum values: BPP = 1, BS = 100) where Prosthiostomidae is separated from Euryleptidae and Pseudocerotidae , families with a clear relation.