The green lacewings of Pakistan (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a faunal review with new records of genera and species Author Hassan, Muhammad Asghar 0000-0003-2590-5781 kakojan112@gmail.com Author Liu, Xingyue text Zootaxa 2022 2022-09-01 5180 1 1 83 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1 journal article https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5180.1.1 53256720-2b2c-4dc2-9876-0a3b163e869d 1175-5326 7040828 B6D071D8-6D56-46FD-B1B6-250394D9D6F7 Apertochrysa sp. 2 ( Figs 17–19 , 55 ) Diagnosis Apertochrysa sp. 2 is similar to A. vartianorum in having prasina group type male gonapsis, with a narrow median plate consisting of distinct ventral scale-like projection, interantennal marking present, and the absence of basal dilation in pretarsal claws, but it can be distinguished by the distinctive red markings on frons, genae, vertex, and postorbital sclerite, and the undulating shape of tignum in male genitalia. FIGURE 15. Apertochrysa sp. 1 . A. Male habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head and pronotum, lateral view; D. Hind pretarsal claws; E. Dorsal habitus; F. Same, lateral view. Scale bars: 5.0 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B–C); 2.0 mm (E–F). FIGURE 16. Apertochrysa sp. 1 . A. Male genitalia, lateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Gonapsis, ventral view; D. Same, dorsal view; E. Hypandrium internum, dorsal view; F. Tignum, dorsal view; G. Gonarcus, arcessus and entoprocessus, dorsal view; H. Same, ventral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A–B). Abbreviations: arc = arcessus; c = comes; cc = callus cerci; da = dorsal arm of apodeme; ent = entoprocessus; gps = gonapsis; gon = gonarcus; hi = hypandrium internum; S = sternum; sa = submarginal apodeme; S8+9 = fused eighth and ninth sterna; T = tergum; T9+ect = fused ninth ttergum and ectoproct. Description Measurements ( ♂ n=1, ♀ n=1). Forewing: length 11.1 mm , width 4.3 mm ; hindwing: length 10.2 mm , width 3.4 mm ; body length: 7.1 mm . Head ( Figs 18A–C ). Vertex moderately raised, with four red markings, two at proximal and two at distal margins. Postorbital sclerite with red spots at lateral margins in dorsal view. Frons unmarked. Interantennal marking red. Clypeus with lateral dark brown stripes. Labrum covered with short yellow setae. Genae with a broad median transverse dark brown spot. Maxillary and labial palpi pale yellow, except at proximal and distal margins narrowly dark brown, covered with short yellow setae. Antennal toruli yellow. Antennae shorter than forewing, brownish yellow; scape pale yellow, posterolaterally dark brown, covered with short yellow setae; pedicel and flagellum yellow, covered with short yellow setae. Thorax ( Fig. 18C ). Pronotum wider than long (length 0.55 mm , width 0.95 mm ), lateral margins broadly dark brown, covered with mixed pale and dark brown setae. Meso- and metanotum with lateral margins narrowly dark brown, sparsely covered with short yellow setae. Legs ( Fig. 18D ). Pale unmarked, covered with short brownish setae. Pretarsal claws without basal dilation, quadrate at base ( Fig. 18E ). Wings ( Fig 17A–B ). Veins pale brown, covered with short brownish setae. Forewing: Costal area relatively narrow at both ends, slightly wider at the longest subcostal veinlets (3–12). Subcostal area with five crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. 10 radial cells (r cell). Three Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Basal crossvein between Rs and M (r-m) straight, meets at distal margin of im cell. Two series of gradates, inner gradates not meeting psm; five inner gradates (ig) and six outer gradates (og). Two intramedian cells; first intramedian cell (im1) ovate. Second (m2) and third (m3) median cells of similar size. Three intracubital cells (two closed); first cubital crossvein proximal to second mediocubital crossvein (m-cu2); first (icu1), second (icu2) and third (icu3) intracubital cells of similar size. Hindwing: Veins pale; crossveins brownish. Costal area narrow. Subcostal area with four crossveins below pterostigma. Pterostigma indistinct. Nine radial cells (r cell). Three Banksian cells (b cell); four lower Banksian cells (b’ cell). Two series of gradates, inner gradates not meeting psm; four inner gradates and six outer gradates. Abdomen ( Figs 18C–D ). Tergum with lateral margins dark brown, covered with yellow setae. Sternum with each pregenital segment distally with a narrow dark brown stripe, covered with yellow setae. Male genitalia ( Figs 19A–G ). Tergum 8 (T8) quadrated in lateral view. T9+ectoprocts quadrate in lateral view, covered with short brown setae. Dorsal arm of apodeme (da) on T9+ectoproct arcuated, not extending beyond callus cercus; submarginal apodeme (sa) of S9 straight. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 35–38 trichobothria. S8+9 fused, subtrapezoidal in lateral view. Tignum (ti) undulating, acumen longer than wide. Gonapsis (gps) with a narrow median plate consisting of distinct ventral scale-like projection. Lateral arms of gonarcus (gon) broad. A pair of entoprocessus (ent) attached at the lateral margins of gonarcus, slightly arc at lateral margins. Arcessus (arc) narrow, arcuate in lateral view. Hypandrium internum (hi) V-shaped in dorsal view. FIGURE 17. Apertochrysa sp. 2 . A. Male habitus; B. Female habitus. Scale bar: 5.0 mm. FIGURE 18. Apertochrysa sp. 2 . Male. A. Head, frontal view; B. Head and pronotum, lateral view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Lateral habitus. E. Hind pretarsal claw. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–B); 2.0 mm (C–D). FIGURE 19. Apertochrysa sp. 2 . A. Male genitalia, lateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Close view of gonapsis, dorsal view; D. Hypandrium internum, dorsal view; E. Gonarcus-parameres complex, dorsal view; F. Same, lateral view; G. Same, ventral view; H. Female genitalia, lateral view; I. Same, ventral view; J–L. Spermatheca, lateral view; M. Subgenitale, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A–B, H–I). Abbreviations: arc = arcessus; cc = callus cerci; da = dorsal arm of apodeme; ent = entoprocessus; gl = gonaphophyses lateralis; gps = gonapsis; gon = gonarcus; hi = hypandrium internum; inv = invagination; S = sternum; sa = submarginal apodeme; sd = spermathecal duct; sg = subgenitale; sm = spermatheca; S8+9 = fused eighth and ninth sterna; T = tergum; T9+ect = fused ninth tergum and ectoproct; vel = spermathecal velum. FIGURE 20. Apertochrysa sp. 3 . A. Head frontal view; B. Head and pronotum, lateral view; C. Lateral habitus; D. Hind pretarsal claw; E. Head and pronotum, dorsal view; F. Close of forewing showing the proximal margin with im cell. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–B, E), 2.0 mm (C). Female genitalia ( Figs 19H–M ). Tergum 8 (T8) subtrapezoidal in lateral view. T9+ectoproct rounded in lateral view. Sternum 7 (S7) rectangular in lateral view. Gonaphophyses lateralis (gl) oblong in lateral view. Callus cerci (cc) oblong, with 25–27 trichobothria. Subgenitale (sg) rounded, wider than long, bilobed at apex, heavily sclerotized, distinctly visible in lateral view. Spermatheca (sm) small, rounded, doughnut-shaped, with a distinct median rounded invagination (inv). Spermathecal duct (sd) long, cylindrical, attached to bursa copulatrix (bc).