New Amphicyonids (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Moghra, Early Miocene, Egypt Author Morlo, Michael Author Miller, Ellen R. Author Bastl, Katharina Author Abdelgawad, Mohamed K. Author Hamdan, Mohammed Author El-Barkooky, Ahmed N. Author Nagel, Doris text Geodiversitas 2019 2019-11-07 41 21 731 745 journal article 10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a21 5687d3cd-124a-450f-9e42-6272f23a94b4 1638-9395 3695843 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F2985B60-626C-4FF6-8C0F-C62C34531199 Genus Cynelos Jourdan, 1862 TYPE SPECIES. — C. lemanensis ( Pomel, 1846 ), subsequent designation by Jourdan (1862) . DIAGNOSIS. — Emended after Peigné & Heizmann (2003) , Werdelin & Peigné (2010) : small to large sized amphicyonids with low, slender mandibles; diastemata between anterior premolars; premolars widest distally; p4 with strong postprotocuspid; the p4 is larger in relation to m1 and to m2 than in Amphicyon , the tip of the main cusp of p4 does not project posteriorly, and the p4 talonid is wider; m1 with low metaconid and tall hypoconid crest, entoconid crest distinct but low, talonid wider than trigonid; m2 mesiodistal length about two thirds the length of m1, m2 lacking the paraconid, with a long and wide talonid, protoconid lacking a distal crest; m3 single-rooted and not double rooted as in Afrocyon , P4 with small protocone, M1 rectangular, M2 slightly more reduced than M1, with paracone slightly larger than metacone, and v-shaped hypocone crests in African specimens. REFERRED AFRICAN SPECIES. — Cynelos anubisi n. sp. , from Moghra (includes “ Amphicyon sp.” in Morales et al. 2010 : fig. 4), Cynelos euryodon ( Savage, 1965 ), Cynelos ginsburgi ( Morales, Pickford, Soria & Fraile, 1998 ) n. comb. , Cynelos macrodon ( Savage, 1965 ), Cynelos minor (Morales & Pickford, 2008), Cynelos sp. from Buluk, Kenya (KM WS 12663, Anemone et al. 2005 ). REMARKS Cynelos is a widespread genus of amphicyonid carnivoran known from the late Oligocene through Early Miocene of Africa ( Hooijer 1963 ; Werdelin & Peigné 2010 ) and Europe ( Peigné & Heizmann 2003 ), Early to Middle Miocene of North America ( Hunt 1998 ; Hunt & Stepleton 2015 ), and the Middle Miocene of Asia ( Jiangzuo et al. 2018 ). North American and European members are well known (e.g., Viranta 1996 ; Hunt 1998 ; Peigné & Heizmann 2003 ; Hunt & Stepleton 2015 ), and the Asian material was recently reviewed ( Jiangzuo et al. 2018 ). Individual species representing the African record of the genus have been discussed by several authors (e.g., Morales & Pickford 2005, 2008; Morlo et al. 2007 ; Morales et al. 1998 , 2003 , 2008, 2010; Adrian et al. 2018 ), with overviews given in Werdelin & Peigné (2010) and Morales et al. (2016) . urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EED887B0-9F1C-4ADD-B4CF-7E8BBEB7514D Savage (1965) described two amphicyonids, a small species, Hecubides euryodon Savage, 1965 from Napak-I in Uganda , and a large one, Hecubides macrodon Savage, 1965 , from Rusinga Island, Kenya . Hecubides Savage, 1965 was later included in Cynelos ( Ginsburg 1980 ) , a decision followed by nearly all researchers (e.g., Schmidt-Kittler 1987; Morales et al. 1998 ; Pickford et al. 2003 ; Peigné & Heizmann 2003 ; Peigné et al. 2006a , b; Morlo et al. 2007 ; Werdelin & Simpson 2009 ; Werdelin & Peigné 2010 ; Leakey et al. 2011 ; Hunt & Stepleton 2015 ; Jiangzuo et al. 2018 ; Adrian et al. 2018 ). One exception to this is the work of Morales and colleagues (Morales & Pickford 2005; Morales et al. 2007 , 2008, 2010, 2016), who emphasized differences between H. euryodon and the type species of Cynelos , C . lemanensis ( Morales et al. 2016 ). However, as Jiangzuo et al. (2018) discussed, the features cited in favor of retaining the name Hecubides ( Morales et al. 2016 ) can be regarded as intrageneric if other species of Cynelos are considered. Here we follow the majority of authors in recognizing Hecubides as a junior synonym of Cynelos . Despite acknowledging the close morphological relationship between “ Hecubides ”, Cynelos macrodon , and “ Cynelos sp. nov.” from Moghra ( Morlo et al. 2007 ), Morales et al. (2016) moved these large Cynelos species from the genus Hecubides/ Cynelos to Afrocyon , a monotypic taxon erected on the basis of a partial mandible from the Early Miocene of Gebel Zelten in Libya ( Arambourg 1961 ). This assignment effectively promoted the view that Cynelos was a taxon restricted to northern continents, and that all Early Miocene African amphicyonids belong to either the small Hecubides or the large Afrocyon , with the exception of Amphicyon giganteus from Arrisdrift, Namibia . Recently, Adrian et al. (2018) described new Early Miocene material from Kalodirr, Kenya , and attributed it to C. macrodon , although without mentioning the previous allocation of Cynelos to the North African taxon Afrocyon . Here we follow Adrian et al. (2018) and discuss clear differences between Cynelos and Afrocyon , which unite C. macrodon with C. lemanensis , C. euryodon and other African specimens. Consequently, we not only re-establish the occurrence of Cynelos in Africa, but also recognize six African species in the genus: small C. euryodon and C. minor , large C. macrodon , C. ginsburgi n. comb. , Cynelos anubisi n. sp. from Moghra, and a very large species from Buluk, Kenya .