Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken Author Gustafsson, Daniel R. 8D918E7D-07D5-49F4-A8D2-85682F00200C Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Xingang West Road 105, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China. kotatsu@fripost.org Author Zou, Fasheng A0E4F4A7-CF40-4524-AAAE-60D0AD845479 Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong, China. zoufs@giabr.gd.cn text European Journal of Taxonomy 2020 2020-07-14 685 1 36 journal article 21437 10.5852/ejt.2020.685 5a8f136f-108b-4b40-b2e5-2b5b87c908e3 3954946 151B5FE7-614C-459C-8632-F8AC8E248F72 Genus Gallancyra Gustafsson & Zou gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 7C0E09CF-B1F7-4A97-81E5-74DF2C0CD4C6 Figs 5–14 Lipeurus Nitzsch, 1818: 292 ( in partim ). Oxylipeurus Mjöberg, 1910: 91 ( in partim ). Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958: 332 ( in partim ). Type species Lipeurus dentatus Sugimoto, 1934 . Diagnosis Lipeurus dentatus was previously placed either in Oxylipeurus (e.g., Price et al. 2003 ) or in Reticulipeurus (e.g., Mey 2003 ). Of these two genera, Gallancyra is most similar to Reticulipeurus (see, e.g., Kéler (1958) and Gustafsson et al . (2020) for illustrations of most of these characters in Reticulipeurus , and Mey (1990) for corresponding characters in Oxylipeurus s. str. ; see also Table 3 ), with which it shares the following characters: stylus extends beyond distal margin of abdomen ( Fig. 7 ); intertergal plates absent ( Figs 5–6 ); mesosome large, with hook-shaped antero-lateral corners, rugose distal margins, and ventral gonopore associated with transverse sclerite which bears setae laterally ( Fig. 13 ); parameres symmetrical, at most about twice as long as mesosome, and roughly finger-shaped ( Fig. 12 ); female subgenital plate much reduced, typically divided medially ( Fig. 8 ); vulval opening converging medially to single, typically narrow, point, not forming convex lobes laterally ( Fig. 12 ); post-antennal suture absent ( Fig. 9 ). Etymology Gallancyra is constructed from the Latin name ‘ gallus ’, for ‘chicken’ and the genus of the type host of the type species, and the Greek word ‘ ancyra ’, for ‘anchor’. This refers to the shape of the stylus of the male subgenital plate. The gender is feminine. Figs 5–6. Gallancyra dentata ( Sugimoto, 1934 ) gen. et comb. nov. ex Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK010682393). 5 . Habitus, ♂, dorsal and ventral view. 6 . Habitus, ♀, dorsal and ventral views. Legs II and III distorted in all examined males, here illustrated approximately, and rotated compared to how they are in the slide specimen. Differential diagnosis Gallancyra gen. nov. can be separated from Reticulipeurus by the following characters: preantennal head pointed in Gallancyra gen. nov. ( Fig. 9 ), but rounded in Reticulipeurus ; preantennal head in Gallancyra gen. nov. ventrally with clypeo-labral suture that divides sclerotized section of ventral head into two lobes, and that expands in anterior end, seemingly making ventral side of frons hyaline ( Fig. 9 ), but without any clypeo-labral suture and with no ventral hyaline region in Reticulipeurus ; tergopleurites with clear reticulation at least laterally on some segments in Reticulipeurus , but without clear reticulation in Gallancyra gen. nov. ( Figs 5–6 ); stylus arising from distal margin and with protruding section expanded into anchor-shape in Gallancyra gen. nov. ( Fig. 7 ), but arising subterminally and with protruding section not or only little expanded, and never anchor-shaped in Reticulipeurus ; rugose section of distal mesosome limited to lateral margins and expanding medially in anterior end in Gallancyra gen. nov. ( Fig. 13 ), but typically limited to distal margin and not expanded in anterior end in Reticulipeurus ; sclerotized plate present on distal mesosome in Gallancyra gen. nov. ( Fig. 13 ), but absent in Reticulipeurus ; pst1–2 placed close-together subterminally, and both with visible microsetae in Gallancyra gen. nov. ( Fig. 12 ), but pst1 is a sensillus and typically placed well proximal of pst 2 in Reticulipeurus ; subvulval sclerites present in Reticulipeurus , but absent in Gallancyra gen. nov. ( Fig. 8 ). Figs 7–8. Gallancyra dentata ( Sugimoto, 1934 ) gen. et comb. nov. ex Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK010682393). 7 . Male subgenital plate and terminal end of abdomen, ventral view. 8 . Female subgenital plate and terminal end of abdomen, ventral view. Abbreviations: vms = vulval marginal setae; vss = vulval submarginal setae. Figs 9–13. Gallancyra dentata ( Sugimoto, 1934 ) gen. et comb. nov. ex Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK010682393). 9 . Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 10 . Female antenna, ventral view. 11 . Male genitalia, dorsal view. 12 . Male paramere, dorsal view. 13 . Male mesosome, ventral view. Female antenna at same scale as male head. Abbreviations: ads = anterior dorsal seta; as2 = anterior seta 2; pst1–2 = parameral setae 1–2. All genitalic component drawn at same scale. Table 3. Morphological comparison of Gallancyra gen. nov. , Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958 and Oxylipeurus Mjöberg, 1910 . Note that genitalia of Oxylipeurus s. str. are hard to homologize with those of other genera in the complex based on published illustrations (e.g., Mey 1990 ). In particular, the mesosome of species in this genus appears to be much reduced and fused to the basal apodeme.

Characters	Gallancyra gen. nov.	Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958	Oxylipeurus s. str. Mjöberg, 1910
Frons	Pointed	Rounded	Pointed or rounded
Hyaline margin	Prominent ventrally	Absent	Absent
Ventral carina	Medianly interrupted	Medianly continuous	Medianly continuous
Post-antennal suture	Absent	Absent	Present
Reticulation of tergopleurites	Absent	Present but variable in extent	Absent
Intertergal plates	Absent	Absent	Present
Stylus position	Arising terminally	Arising subterminally	Arising terminally
Stylus length	Reaching beyond distal margin of abdomen	Reaching beyond distal margin of abdomen	Not reaching distal margin of abdomen
Stylus shape	Anchor-shaped	More or less equal in width throughout	Short and blunt
Female subgenital plate	Much reduced, divided medianly	Much reduced, divided or continuous medianly	Not reduced, medianly continuous
Vulval margin	Without lateral lobes	Without lateral lobes	With lateral lobes
Subvulval plates	Absent	Present	Unknown? 1
Mesosome	Large, anterior ends hook-shaped	Large, anterior ends hook-shaped	Much reduced, may be absent
Rugose areas	Mainly lateral	Across all or most of distal margin	Absent
Distal sclerotized plate of mesosome	Present	Absent	Absent
Gonopore	With transverse sclerite bearing setae	With transverse sclerite bearing setae	Much reduced
Parameres	Symmetrical, roughly finger-shaped	Symmetrical, roughly finger-shaped	Asymmetrical, roughly triangular
pst1–2	Close together subterminally, both microsetae	Separated, pst1 typically sensillus	Unknown? 1

1 This character is not clearly visible in the illustrations of Mey (1990) , and we have not examined any specimens belonging to any species of Oxylipeurus s. str. The structure of the preantennal head ( Fig. 9 ) and the stylus ( Fig. 7 ) of Gallancyra dentata gen. et comb. nov. are unique within the Oxylipeurus -complex and, to the extent of our knowledge, the entire Ischnocera . These two characters should separate Gallancyra gen. nov. from all other genera of ischnoceran chewing lice. Description Both sexes Head overall trapezoidal, widening posteriorly, but with frons triangularly extended into medial point ( Fig. 9 ). Hyaline margin seemingly present as very narrow translucent band near frons; this is not visible in all examined specimens, and in many cases differs between sides of the same specimen. Marginal carina uninterrupted, but displaced dorsally anterior to as2 ; most preantennal setae with clear attendant canals going through the marginal carina. Internal thickenings present anterior to ads , varying in extent among specimens. Dorsal preantennal suture present, enveloping aperture of ads , and approaching but not reaching lateral margins of head. Ventrally, head capsule appears to be hyaline medially and anteriorly, with sclerotized sections densely decorated with semi-reticulated pattern. Ventral carina not clearly visible. Head and antennal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 9 . Preantennal nodi large, bulging. Antennae sexually dimorphic ( Figs 9–10 ). Pre-and postocular nodi present. Occipital carinae not visible. Temporal carinae visible only in posterior section, connecting to bulbous nodi. Gular plate diffuse, approximately as in Fig. 9 ; area around gular plate with conspicuous spiculate thickenings. Thoracic segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 5–6 . Pronotum and pteronotum each medially continuous. Meso- and metanota fused into single plate. Metepisterna broad, medial end with finger-like extension that may reach pteronotum. Legs and leg chaetotaxy as in Fig. 14 ; anterior setae of trochanters II–III may be present, but not visible in examined species as legs are distorted. At least two setae on medial margin of tibiae II–III appear to be hyaline and larger than other setae (illustrated as hollow). Abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 5–6 . Tergopleurites II–VIII medially divided, tergopleurite IX+X medially continuous. Internal thickening of antero-lateral corners of tergopleurites present on segments III–VII. Sternal plates present on segments II–VII. Male Antennae as in Fig. 9 ; scape, pedicel, and flagellomere I expanded compared to female; flagellomere I with thumb-like extension and rugose medial surface. Subgenital plate seemingly protruding internally to sternal plate VII ( Fig. 7 ). Stylus arises from distal margin of subgenital plate and reaches beyond distal margin of abdomen; distal section of stylus expanded, with lateral margins extended into small “hooks” in anterior end. Basal apodeme slender, lateral margins slightly concave, anterior end diffuse ( Fig. 11 ). Mesosome with antero-lateral sclerotized hook-shaped extensions, distally with rounded margin and rugose area only laterally ( Fig. 13 ). Gonoporal complex small compared to mesosome. Sclerotized plate with arched antero-lateral extensions. Parameres as in Fig. 12 ; pst1–2 both microsetae. Female Antennae as in Fig. 10 . Distal end of abdomen as in Fig. 8 . Subgenital plate divided medially, with conspicuous honey-comb reticulation in central parts. Vulval margin deeply concave. Most distal anal seta apparently modified to sensilla, as only alveoli are visible in examined specimens. Host distribution Presently only known from hosts in the genus Gallus Brisson, 1760 . This genus is closely related to the genus Bambusicola Gould, 1836 ( Armstrong et al. 2001 ; Dyke et al. 2003 ; Kimball & Braun 2008 ; Wang et al. 2013 ), but no species of the Oxylipeurus -complex lice are known from hosts in the genus Bambusicola . Geographical range See Table 1 and Fig. 4 ; primarily the Indo-Malayan region and Central America, but also known from New Guinea , the Caribbean, and islands in the Central Pacific. Seemingly absent over large parts of the host’s (introduced) range, but may be overlooked. Remarks Złotorzycka (1966) considered the species here placed in Gallancyra gen. nov. to belong in Oxylipeurus s. str. , but did not justify this placement other than by reference to published illustrations. Presumably her judgement was based on the presence of an anteriorly pointed head in both Gallancyra dentata gen. et comb. nov. and species of Oxylipeurus , whereas other genera in the complex generally have rounded preantennal heads. Comparing G. dentata gen. et comb. nov. to more recent illustrations of Oxylipeurus s. str. (e.g., Mey 1990 ) shows that, apart from the pointed head, there are few morphological similarities between the two genera. For instance, Oxylipeurus s. str. has intertergal plates, medially continuous tergopleurites VII–VIII, a post-antennal suture, much reduced and highly modified male genitalia, and a small, distally blunt, stylus.