Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini Author Cock, Matthew J. W. text Zootaxa 2016 4173 4 301 350 journal article 38068 10.11646/zootaxa.4173.4.1 235cd1e5-39f4-43b4-a65a-94daa8e45bec 1175-5326 256597 3E955EB2-79DE-462C-B3EE-E4AF334D1F61 Carcharodini Verity, 1940 Evans (1937) used the term Gomalia group for three genera found in Africa: Spialia Swinhoe , Gomalia Moore and Alenia Evans. Subsequently , he used the term Pyrgus group in his work on the Hesperiidae of Europe, Asia and Australian, which included representatives of the genera Spialia and Gomalia , as well as Erynnis Schrank , Carcharodus Hübner , Muschampia Tutt and Pyrgus Hübner in Europe and Asia ( Evans 1949 ). He retained this term for his work on the American fauna ( Evans 1953 ) which included the genera Pyrgus , Heliopetes Billberg , Celotes Godman & Salvin and Pholisora (to which Heliopyrgus Herrera was since added). In his monograph on Spialia , De Jong (1978) continued to use the concept of the Pyrgus group, although now without Erynnis . The classification developed by Warren et al . (2008 , 2009 ) is based on a combined analysis of DNA and morphological characters of adults and their genitalia. Warren et al . (2008) found the Pyrgus group (without Erynnis ) to be polyphyletic. They concluded that although similar in appearance to the other genera of the Pyrgus group, Alenia belongs in Celaenorrhini , which is supported by their common food plant family: Acanthaceae ( Cock & Congdon 2011b ) . Furthermore, they split the remaining genera between two tribes: Carcharodini and Pyrgini . Thus, Gomalia , Carcharodus , Spialia and Muschampia belong in one clade of Carcharodini , which includes another 25 Neotropical genera in different clades, while Pyrgus , Celotes , Heliopyrgus and Heliopetes form one clade within Pyrgini , which contains another 19 Neotropical genera in different clades. This arrangement is considered further in the discussion at the end of this paper.