Shifting the known richness of Paramycodrosophila Duda, 1924 (Diptera: Drosophilidae): the description of nineteen new species in the Neotropical region Author Frech-Telles, Marcos Henrique Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Author Gottschalk, Marco Silva Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Author Valente-Gaiesky, Vera Lúcia da Silva Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. & Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. text Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2024 e 20230105 2024-07-15 68 1 113 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2023-0105 journal article 10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2023-0105 1806-9665 13198855 9B74F533-C4F5-45A8-A614-C0786439F7A6 Paramycodrosophila rafaeli n. sp. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EF43CC76-984D-408A-A3C8-85C9022EBF0D ( Figs. 7 , 8 , 81C , 89C ) Material examined : Holotype male, labelled as follows: “ Brasil , Roraima , Caracarai , PARNA [=National Park] Viruá , 1º27’16”N ; 60º59’3”W , 1-15.v.2016 , Malaise Grande, J.A. Rafael , R . Boldrini, Rede BIA [=Thematic network “Biodiversity of Insects in the Amazon”]”; “ Paramycodrosophila rafaeli n. sp. Frech-Telles, Valente-Gaiesky, Gottschalk, ♂ Holotype ” [ INPA ] . Holotype condition: Several setae and setulae missing. Diagnosis. Flies mostly yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow and brown with a brown cross-shaped mark in the center of scutum; legs tan, fore femora with basal half slightly darker, mid and hind femora with slightly darker rings medially; pleura yellow with longitudinal brown marks; wings hyaline with a large, apically roundish, black costal lappet; abdomen with tergites yellow with dark brown marks. Phallus tubular and projected ventrally, in ventral view the phallus is 2x wider near the phallotrema section; phallotrema section with an apical bulbous membranous structure, in lateral view the bulbous membranous structure is thick; the lateral margins of phallotrema are more sclerotinized surrounded by more membranous region. Description. Holotype . Head ( Fig. 7A ): yellow with black and dark brown marks; eyes grey, pubescent; face brownish; carina light yellow with light yellow band, large, prominent; scape covered; pedicel basally brownish, apically light yellow; flagellomere 1 brown, basal margin yellow, compressed, mango-shaped; left arista with five dorsal, right arista with six dorsal branches, one ventral branch, terminal fork; frons light yellow with brown marks; fronto-orbital plate yellow, brown spot at the base of p rc frorb s; fronto-orbital setae black, a rc frorb s lateral and slightly anterior of pc frorb s; distance between pc frorb s and a rc frorb s = 0.02 mm , between pc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.07 mm , and between a rc frorb s and p rc frorb s = 0.06 mm ; frontal vitta light brown, with near the eye and ptilinal suture; frontal triangle brown, large; frontal vitta light brown, with near the eye and ptilinal suture; postocellar setae black, crossing at the tip; genae light yellow with black mark near vibrissa, brownish near ventral margin; palps light brow, large; labrum brown; labellum dark brown. Thorax ( Figs. 7B,C ): yellow with brown marks; scutum yellow with two faint anteriorly parallel longitudinal brown marks sub-medially reaching the anterior dorsocentral setae, posterior half of cross-shaped mark formed by partially fuse spots at the base of setulae, longitudinal fine gray line medially, base of the notopleural and dorsocentral setae with brown spots; postpronotum light yellow; acrostichal setulae missing; dorsocentral setae missing; postpronotum light yellow almost white; scutellum dark brown, light brown margins, dark spots at the base of scutellar setae; scutellar setae missing; pleura yellow with brown marks; proepisternum, and anepisternum yellow with dorsal marks forming a continuous dark brown band; anepimeron yellow with transversal brown band medially; katepisternum yellow, dorsal half brown; meron brown. Wings ( Fig. 7F ): faint darker patch present bellow costal lappet; R 4+5 and M 1 parallel; halter yellow; index: C = 1.30, ac = 3.60, hb = 1.14, 4c = 1.86, 4v = 2.76, 5x = 3.11, M = 0.97, prox. x = 0.45 Length = 1.45 mm , width = 0.66 mm . Abdomen ( Figs. 7D, E ): T 1 yellow; T 2 brown, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally in the brown area; T 3 brown, interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, anterior yellow spot sub-laterally in the brown area; T 4 yellow, caudal brown band interrupted sub-laterally in yellow, laterally the band reaches toward the anterior margin, the brown band enlarges medially; T 5 yellow, five caudal brown marks, the medial mark is large and triangle shaped pointing anteriorly; T 6 yellow, laterally anterior light brown; sternites light yellow; intersegmental membranes light. Terminalia ( Figs. 8 , 89C ): Epandrium with approximately equal width and length, with microtrichia, with nine (four at the right and five at the left side) upper and one lateral setae; ventral lobe narrow, glabrous, with two long apical setae. Cerci not fused to epandrium, glabrous, and with large setae, hypoproctal plate present, ventral cecal lobes present with two basal setae and at least two smaller apical setae. Subepandrial sclerite wide, sclerotinized. Surstylus connected to the epandrium, with prensisetae arranged in a line, about four longer inner setae and four shorter outer setae. Hypandrium, longer than wider, shorter than epandrium. Pregonites large, fused to the hypandrium, with a seta near the fusion with the postgonite, not fused medially. Postgonites elongated, club-like and straight in lateral view, containing approximately three setulae near the fusion with pregonite. Phallotrema is droplet-shaped. Phallapodeme is shorter than phallus, almost straight. Body length : 1.85mm . Etymology . Named after Dr. José Albertino Rafael, entomologist and one of collectors of the holotype .