Pamphagidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) from the Palaearctic Region: taxonomy, classification, keys to genera and a review of the tribe Nocarodeini I. Bolívar Author Ünal, Mustafa text Zootaxa 2016 4206 1 1 223 journal article 37403 10.11646/zootaxa.4206.1.1 5c5bff7d-ea8c-4893-b03e-a8b5c5904514 1175-5326 208260 E1566C02-9987-4116-83AA-91D3D1DCF2FF Tribus: Nocarodeini I.Bolívar, 1916 Sectio Nocarodes : Bolívar 1916 : 22 . Type genus: Nocarodes Fischer von Waldheim, 1846 . Sulcatini Harz , 1975 : 75 , an unavailable name. Nocarodesinae Zhang, Yin & Yin, 2003 : Zhang, Yin & Yin, 2003 : 218 , 220. Nocarodeini Bolívar 1916 : Storozhenko & Paik 2011 : 29 . Remarks. This tribe was given as a group of genera, Sectio Nocarodes , for the first time ( I. Bolívar 1916: 22 ) for Nocarodes F.W. , Paranocarodes I. Bolívar , Eunothrotes Adelung , Ocneridia I. Bolívar and Ariasa I. Bolívar (syn. of Ocneridia ). Uvarov (1943: 21) united the two groups of I. Bolívar “ Pamphagi ” and “ Nocarodes ” under the tribe Pamphagini . Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko (1951: 289) listed the Eurasian members of this group in the tribe Pamphagini . Shumakov (1963: 44) and Hodjat (2012: 266) at tribe level, Weidner (1969: 156) , Demirsoy (1973: 406) , Willemse (1984: 100) , Mirzayans (1998: 14) and Willemse & Willemse (2008: 12, 41) at subfamily level followed Uvarov (1943) and Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko (1951) . Harz (1975: 75) proposed the tribe Sulcatini for most of this group of genera, as well as for some genera of the present Pamphagini . The family group names must be based on a genus name ( ICZN , Article 13.2), therefore Sulcatini ( Harz 1975 ) is an unavailable name. Ünal (1997: 19) considered Sulcatini as a synonym of Pamphaginae for the first time, later Storozhenko & Paik (2011: 29) synonymized it again with the tribe Nocarodeini of Pamphaginae . Zhang, Yin & Yin (2003: 218, 220) proposed the new subfamily “ Nocarodesinae ”, but Storozhenko & Paik (2011: 29) synonymized it with the existing tribe Nocarodeini I. Bolívar. In accordance with Storozhenko & Paik (2011) the tribe Nocarodeini I. Bolívar is admitted here with the exception of the genera and subgenera Tropidauchen , Saxetania , Mistshenkoella and Cryptonothrotes that are treated within the tribe Tropidauchenini (see the Remarks section of the tribe Tropidauchenini above). Main characters of this tribe, the absence of Krauss’ organ, the pronotum not intersected by the typical transverse sulcus, the absence of wings, the presence of distict spinules or denticles along the inner ventral margin of hind femur ( Figs. 266, 267 ), the reduced posterior lobes of zygoma and arch of zygoma, the absence of tumida of cingulum and the dorsal valves of cingulum ( Figs. 5 a, b) are recently derived characters. Therefore it is one of the youngest tribes in Pamphagidae . Twelve genera are included in the tribe. Interestingly 7 genera are represented only by a single or 2 species, Eunothrotes (1), Pseudonothrotes (1), Iranacris (1), Araxiana (1), Ebnerodes (1), Neoparanothrotes (2), Turkanocaracris (2), all of which (except Ebnerodes ) are found in a relatively restricted area, along the eastern border of Turkey and the neighbouring regions of N.W. Iran , S. Georgia , W. Armenia and Nakhichevan ( Figs. 841–848 ). Besides, the genera Bufonocarodes with all species, Nocarodes , Nocaracris and Paranothrotes are also represented by many species in this area. It is clear that the evolution centre of the tribe is this area. Only 2 genera are out of this region, Paranocarodes found in western Turkey , S.E. Bulgaria and E. Greece and Ebnerodes found in S. Turkey ( Figs. 840–841 ). The tribe may be divided into 2 groups of genera based on the presence of tympanum, but two genera, Nocaracris and Paranocarodes have high number of species, possess species both with tympanum and without tympanum ( Figs. 34 4–353 ). Therefore this division would not have taxonomic value for these two genera. The species of Nocaracris with tympanum and the species of Paranocarodes without tympanum cannot be taxonomic units because of the other characters including the male phallic complex undoubtedly suggest their congeneric state with the other species of Nocaracris and Paranocarodes . This tribe is easily recognizable as a monophyletic group by the unique phallic complex ( Fig. 5 ) and other morphological characters given above and in the key.