Touch me carefully: a step towards understanding morphological diversity in the South American spiny sunflowers (Compositae, Barnadesioideae) Author Ferreira, Paola De Lima 0000-0002-6957-4243 Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14051 - 901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil & Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden & Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden & Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic & paolaferreira @ alumni. usp. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6957 - 4243 paolaferreira@alumni.usp.br Author Antonelli, Alexandre 0000-0003-1842-9297 Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden & Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW 9 3 AE, United Kingdom & Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX 1 3 RB, United Kingdom & a. antonelli @ kew. org; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1842 - 9297 a.antonelli@kew.org Author Groppo, Milton 0000-0003-2932-7798 Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14051 - 901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil & groppo @ ffclrp. usp. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2932 - 7798 groppo@ffclrp.usp.br text Phytotaxa 2021 2021-09-03 518 2 109 142 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.518.2.3 journal article 10.11646/phytotaxa.518.2.3 1179-3163 5453917 8. Fulcaldea Poiret (1817: 375) Type : — Fulcaldea laurifolia (Bonpl.) Poir. Arching shrubs or small trees , up to 10 m tall. Stems erect, much-branched, lenticelate, cylindrical or flat, scales imbricate at base, glabrous, pubescent or rarely strigose, unarmed or with axillary spines in pairs, straight, convergent or divergent, glabrous or rarely pubescent at base. Leaves alternate, spiral, subsessile or petiolate, persistent or deciduous, blade elliptic or ovate, coriaceous, pale or rarely lustrous, glabrous, base acute or obtuse, margin flat, glabrous, apex acute, mucronate; venation eucamptodromous or actinodromous with 3 basal nerves. Capitulescence terminal or axillary, in corymbose or paniculate cymes. Capitula 1-flowered, homogamous, sessile or subsessile, involucre narrow cylindrical to cylindrical, 5–13-seriate, phyllaries scarious, green or pale brown, apex purple, erect or reflexed, glabrous or villous, ovate–triangulate grading to lanceolate, apex mucronate, margin flat, ciliate. Receptacle convex, glabrous, or pilose. Flowers bisexual, corolla tubular (5+0), 5-lobed, white, red, purple, externally densely villous. Anthers 5, apical appendage lanceolate, or obtuse, basal appendage decurrent, ecaudate, ecalcarate, inserted between the base and the throat, filaments free, glabrous. Style cylindrical but with a swollen portion below the branching point, white to cream or purple, apex purple. Cypsela cylindrical, densely sericeous. Pappus plumose, longer than the corolla length, white, pink or red bristles. Pollen without intercolpal depressions, spinulose (Suessy & Urtubey 2007). Chromosome number unknown. Fig. 8a ; 10f . FIGURE 8 . Fulcaldea and Huarpea . A: Fulcaldea . B–E: Huarpea . A: Fulcaldea stuessyi . Inflorescence with a white arrow showing swollen style below the branching point. B: Huarpea andina . Habit. C: Capitulum showing five ray flowers and a disc flower. D: Lateral view from the capitula. E: Dissected capitula showing three ray flowers (white) and a disc flower (yellow). Photos by Ivan Abreu (A) and Darwinion Institute (B–E). Distribution and habitat: — Fulcaldea comprises two species with a remarkable 4,000 km disjunct distribution ( Funk & Roque 2011 ). Fulcaldea laurifolia (Bonpl.) Poir. is restricted to the dry forest in intermontane regions of southern Ecuador and northern Peru ( Ferreyra 1995 ), and Fulcaldea stuessyi is restricted to seasonally deciduous forest in northeastern Brazil in the Chapada Diamantina rocky chain ( Funk & Roque 2011 ). Notes: — Fulcaldea is easily distinguished from the other Barnadesioideae genera by having a single-flower capitulum, and by the swollen style below the branching point ( Fig. 8a ). The genus is part of a strongly supported clade together with Archidasyphyllum and Arnaldoa , being sister (also with strong support) to the latter according to Ferreira et al. (2019) ; however, this clade is morphologically diverse and synapomorphies that support the relationships among the genera are still to be determined ( Funk & Roque 2011 , Ferreira et al. 2019 ). Funk & Roque (2011) hypothesized that the remarkable disjunction distribution ( 4,000 km ) may be the result of vicariance or long-distance dispersal, thus being inconclusive on this subject. Iconography: — Ferreyra (1995) , Roque & Funk (2011) . Accepted species:—8.1 Fulcaldea laurifolia (Bonpl.) Poir. ; 8.2 Fulcaldea stuessyi N. Roque & V.A. Funk. Selected specimens examined: — BRASIL . Bahia, Chapada Diamantina , Rio de Contas , distrito de Arapiranga , Fazenda Brandão , 5 August 2010 , I.S. Abreu 123 ( ALCB ; 8.2). Rio das Contas , antiga estrada do Brandão , sentido do sítio Marcela , 716 m , 13°28’11’’S , 41°46’32’’, July 2014 , N. Roque 4386 ( ALCB ; 8.2) . ECUADOR . Loja : Catacocha to Loma Quemada , km 8.5, 1600 m , 04°06’95”S, 79°36’312’‘W, 16 April 1996 , G.P. Lewis 2247 (MO, K; 8.1). Sozoranga, km 4 along track from Sozoranga-Macará road to Reserva natural El Tundo, propriedade de fundación ARCOIRIS, 1850 m , 04°19’S , 79°49’W , 19 August 1997 , G.P. Lewis 3497 ( MO ; 8.1). Sozoranga outskirts, 1 km along track to Utuaña, 1700 m , 04°20’S , 70°47’W , 5 March 1977 , G.P. Lewis 3038 (MO, K; 8.1). Km 2 road Sororanga- Yaramine, 1750 m , 04°18’S , 79°48’W , 17 June 1997 , B.B. Klitgaard 203 (QCA, K; 8.1). Manabí : Jama , 24 km south of Pedernales (as the crow flies) northwest off coastal highway; 1.5 km east of Edualdo ( Don Lalo ; 8.1) Loor’s farm, 30–150 m , 00°04’31’’S , 80°09’22’‘W, 9 October 1999 , T. Delinks 399 ( MO ; 8.1). Jama Cantón, Cerro del Matal , 3km northwest of Jama , 1 km inland from seashore, 100 m , 00°11’S , 80°18’W , D. Neill 11621 ( MO ; 8.1). Machalilla National Park , 01°39”S, 80°41’W , C. Josse 1063 (GB, QCA ; 8.1). Pedernales, Estación Biológica Lalo Loor, a 22 km al sur de Pedernales por la carretera costera, 2 km de la costa, 150 m , 00°05’07”S , 80°09’05’‘W, October 2005 , J. Cevallos 213 ( MO ; 8.1). San Vicente, thicket, 07 June 1955 , E. Asplund 16595 (K; 1.1) . PERU . Piura : Ayabaca , on road to Ayabaca , 18 km above Puente Tandopa ( Río Quiroz ), 1700 m , P. C. Hutchison 6685 (MO, K; 8.1). Ayabaca , 12.7 kms up from Puente Tandopa over Rio Quiroz , 1.540 m , 20 July 1992 , T.F. Stuessy 12693 ( WU ; 8.1). Huacabamba, bajo de Cachaque , 1100–1200m , 02 May 1955 , R. Ferreyra 10932 ( MO ; 8.1). Paimas, Ayabaca road, ca. 15 km W of Ayabaca , 1900 m , 20 September 1991 , A.H. Gentry 74930 ( MO ; 8.1) .