Baetidae (Baetidae, Ephemeroptera) in the Maghreb: state of the art, key, and perspectives Author Gattolliat, Jean-Luc https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-5083 Museum of Zoology, Palais de Rumine, Place Riponne 6, CH- 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland & Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH- 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland jean-luc.gattolliat@vd.ch Author Samraoui, Boudjema https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-9021 Laboratoire de Conservation des Zones Humides, University 8 mai 1945, Guelma, Algeria & Department of Biology, University Badji Mokhtar Annaba, Annaba, Algeria Author Benhadji, Nadhira https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9252-8432 Laboratoire de Recherche Valorisation des Actions de L'homme Pour la Protection de L'environnement et Application en Sante Publique, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria & Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka street 3 c, 71 - 412 Szczecin, Poland Author Kechemir, Lina Faculte des Sciences agronomiques et des sciences biologiques, University of Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria Author Zrelli, Sonia Unit of Hydrobiology, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring (LBE), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Bizerta, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia & Honoris United Universities, Ecole Polytechnique Centrale, Avenue Mohamed V, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia Author El Yaagoubi, Sara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-6433 Laboratory of Ecology, Systematics and Conservation of the Biodiversity, department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, Avenue Sebta, 93002 Tetouan, Morocco Author El Moutaouakil, Majida El Alami Laboratory of Ecology, Systematics and Conservation of the Biodiversity, department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, Avenue Sebta, 93002 Tetouan, Morocco Author Sartori, Michel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3397-3397 Museum of Zoology, Palais de Rumine, Place Riponne 6, CH- 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland & Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH- 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland text ZooKeys 2023 2023-01-13 1139 137 163 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1139.94586 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1139.94586 1313-2970-1139-137 57CDA88415C542A39CF789DBC60150C4 2D3F572308DA5BAEA2F11417AE507FD7 2. Alainites Waltz & McCafferty, 1994 Diagnosis. 1) Antennae located close together with a well-developed carina in between; 2) paraproct with unique elongate prolongation on distal margin; 3) mouthparts in a hypognathous position giving to the body a characteristic curved posture in lateral view; 4) right mandible with a bifid prostheca. Remarks. The position of the antenna and the general posture in lateral view (Fig. 3C ) easily separate Alainites and Nigrobaetis from other genera in the Maghreb. The prolongation of the distal margin of paraproct (Fig. 2K ) and the bifid prostheca (Fig. 2A ) unambiguously separate Alainites from all the other Maghreb genera including Nigrobaetis . Three species of Alainites are reported in the Maghreb: Alainites cf. muticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Alainites oukaimeden (Thomas & Sartori, 1992) (Fig. 3B ) and Alainites sadati Thomas, 1994 (Fig. 3C ). Alainites oukaimeden and A. sadati are endemic to the Maghreb and present allopatric distribution: A. sadati is widely distributed in north Algeria and north Tunisia ( Zrelli et al. 2012 ), while A. oukaimeden is only reported from the High Atlas, Morocco ( Thomas et al. 1992 ; El Alami et al. 2022a ). The two endemic species have six pairs of gills; they can be only separated by intricate characters such as the reticulation of the surface of tergites and mandibles, the shape of the spines of distal margin of tergite IV and the number of strong setae on the dorsal margin of fore femora. A still undescribed new species, closely related to the West Palaearctic species Alainites muticus , with seven pairs of gills, is present in Maghreb but with a restricted distribution limited to northern Morocco ( El Alami et al. 2022a ).