Variation and pigmentation in the milliped, Xystocheir brachymacris Shelley, 1996, from the northern Sierra Nevada foothills, California, USA (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae: Xystocheirini) Author Shelley, Rowland M. Author Smith, Jamie M. Author Ross, Deren J. text Insecta Mundi 2014 2014-08-29 2014 371 1 6 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.5179327 1942-1354 5179327 8D0DD217-DCC2-41DC-A295-69FCD8473DC2 Xystocheir brachymacris Shelley, 1996 Xystocheir brachymacris Shelley, 1996: 1353–1354 , fig. 39–41; 2002: 111. Hoffman 1999: 381 . Figures 1–7 Type specimens. Male holotype and two male and one female paratypes (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington , DC) collected by W. D. Shepard, 19 April 1992 , ca. 1.6 km (1.0 mi) NE Pacific House, El Dorado Co., California . Color (of Placer Co. population) ( Fig. 1 ). Collum, metaterga, and paranota subuniformly glossy grayish-black with lightly speckled ovoid areas adjacent to paranotal bases, pigmentation extending onto caudolateral paranotal extensions and medial surfaces of peritremata; lateral margins of peritremata and caudal edges of metaterga light gray; epiproct speckled dark gray. Epicranium speckled dark gray, continuing through interantennal region and entire lengths of frons and genae; antennae somewhat translucent light gray, sterna and legs translucent whitish. Figure 1 . Dorsal view of Placer Co. male of X. brachymacris . Figures 2–7. Genitalia of X. brachymacris . 2–4). Male from Placer Co. 2) Telopodite of left gonopod, medial view. 3) The same, lateral view. 4) The same, anteriomedial view. 5–6) El Dorado Co. male. 5) Left gonopod, medial view. 6) Telopodite of the same, lateral view. 7) Cyphopod of El Dorado Co. female. B, process “B”; CV, caudal valve; O, operculum; pfp, prefemoral process; R, receptacle; S, solenomere. Figures 5–7 reproduced from Shelley (1996 , fig. 39–41) with permission of NRC Research Press. Diagnosis . Epicranium and metaterga smooth and glossy or lightly granular throughout body, without trace of papillation; sides of collum not uplifted; caudolateral paranotal corners subacuminate and slightly prolonged, extending directly caudad or hooked gently mediad. Gonopodal prefemoral process a distinct projection, widely detached from telopodital stem, long and upright, blade-like or spiniform, extending to around midlengths of acropodal branches, apically broad or narrow. Acropodite with two terminal branches, process “A” absent; solenomere positioned between prefemoral process and branch “B”, extending to around ¾ length of latter, upright but curving/bending slightly caudad apically; process “B” either entirely blade-like and angling caudad and away from solenomere distally, or narrow basally, expanding beyond midlength, and curving broadly anteriad over distal extremity of solenomere, distally spatulate, apically broad ( Fig. 2–6 ). Cyphopod without lateral accessory body ( Fig. 7 ). Variation . Measurable males from Placer Co. (n=4) vary from 24.0– 29.7 mm in length and 4.2–5.6 mm in width; females (n=4) vary from 26.8–27.3 mm in length and 5.5–5.7 mm in width. The prefemoral process is a distinct structure, well separated from the telopodital stem, in both the El Dorado and Placer populations, being broad and extending beyond midlength of the solenomere in the former and subspiniform and terminating short of midlength in the latter ( Fig. 1–3, 5–6 ). The basic generic acropodital pattern consists of three distal branches with the solenomere between the anterior and caudal projections, labeled “A” and “B,” respectively. Branch “A” is absent in X . brachymacris , so the solenomere is anterior and situated between the prefemoral process and branch “B.” In El Dorado forms ( Fig. 5–6 ), “B” is elongate, distally expanded/spatulate, and overhangs the solenomere that curves toward it apically; the projection is blade-like and angles caudad away from the solenomere in Placer Co. males ( Fig. 2–4 ). In both populations, the prefemoral region of the telopodital stem extends distad as a hirsute lobe on the caudal side beyond the origin of the acropodite, and in Placer Co. forms, it connects basally with a longer and broader anteriorly directed lobe. The only noticeable variation among El Dorado specimens is a broader, more expanded prefemoral process, curving slightly caudad, on the male from Blodgett Forest, El Dorado Co. Ecology. The Blodgett Forest male was found under a log; the Placer Co. specimens were concentrated in a 2–3 sq. m. (20–30 sq. ft.) surface area near a stream in a mixed alder/conifer forest ( Fig. 8–9 ). Individuals were collected at 7:30 PM, approximately one hour after dark, in mixed-conifer/alder litter within about 9.2 m ( 30 ft. ) of Pagge Creek, a perennial stream. Tree species in order of dominance were ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Douglas ), incense cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.)) , Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.)) , white fir ( Abies concolor (Gordon)) , and white alder ( Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. ). Soil beneath the litter, where no specimens were found, consisted of loose sandy clay loam. Distribution. We present ( Fig. 10 ) an updated distribution map of Xystocheir with localities of X. brachymacris , the northernmost Sierran species, shown by black dots. Localities in Placer and El Dorado Cos. are approximately 28.4 km ( 17.6 mi ) apart and separated by the Rubicon and Middle Fork American rivers; the Placer Co. specimens therefore extend the generic and specific ranges by this dimension. In addition to the types , the following samples were examined: CALIFORNIA : El Dorado Co . , 20.8 km ( 13 mi ) E Georgetown , Blodgett Forest , M , 6 May 1972 , J. B. Heppner ( FSCA ) ; and Snowline Camp , along U.S. Hwy. 50 just W Pollock Pines, M , 21 June 1948 , J. W. MacSwain ( CAS ). Placer Co . , 20 km ( 12.5 mi ) NE Foresthill , Sugar Pine OHV area, Tahoe National Forest ( 39° 7’ 4.06” N , 120° 45’ 30.30” W ), 1,186 m ( 3,890 ft. ), 7M, 21 February 2014 , D. J. Ross ( NCSM ), and M, 4 F, 1 March 2014 , D. J. Ross ( NCSM ) . Figures 8–9. Broad environmental views of the riparian, mixed alder/conifer habitat at the Placer Co. X. brachymacris locality. 8) Side view showing sample area (arrow) on level ground above slope to Pagge Creek. 9) View looking up Pagge Creek with collecting area at right edge of photo. Figure 10. Distribution of Xystocheir . Dots, X. brachymacris . Triangle, denoted by the arrow, X. bistipita Shelley, 2006 , the allopatric species in San Luis Obispo Co. Remarks. Representatives of Xystocheir do not display the bold colors characteristic of other California xystodesmid genera; theirs tend to be subtle and muted, like soft light orange, green, and olive ( Shelley 1996 ). The drab, gray coloration of Placer Co. X. brachymacris is consistent with the generic pattern but distinctive in being unique to this population; whether it is also shown by El Dorado specimens is unknown.