A new species of snapper (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) from Brazil, with comments on the distribution of Lutjanus griseus and L. apodus
Author
Moura, Rodrigo L.
Author
Lindeman, Kenyon C.
text
Zootaxa
2007
1422
31
43
journal article
10.5281/zenodo.273693
fac90d70-2d45-4cc6-9ade-bf522eef0d54
1175-5326
273693
Lutjanus alexandrei
,
new species
(
Figures 1–3
;
Tables 1
,
2
)
Lutjanus apodus
not of
Walbaum, 1792
.
Jordan
, 1891
:330
(Bahia);
Ribeiro, 1915
(not paginated);
Jordan
& Fessler, 1893
:510
(Pernambuco);
Gilbert, 1900
:170
;
Starks, 1913
:32
;
Fowler, 1941
:160
;
Allen, 1985
:56
(in part); Carvalho-
Filho, 1994
:138
(in part);
Rocha
et al.
, 1998
:562
;
Rocha & Rosa, 2001
:990
; Moura & Menezes, 2003:82 (in part).
Lutjanus griseus
not of
Linnaeus, 1758
.
Ribeiro, 1915
(not paginated, in part);
Ribeiro, 1918
(not paginated, in part);
Menezes & Figueiredo, 1980
:22 (in part),
Carvalho-Filho, 1994
:135 (in part); Moura & Menezes, 2003:83 (in part).
Holotype
:
MZUSP
65664 (153) Camurupim Reef, Tamandaré (
8°49'S
,
35°5'W
), State of Pernambuco,
Brazil
, 0
5 m
depth; collected by R.L. Moura, R.B. Francini-Filho & C.H. Flesh,
22 January 1999
.
Paratypes
(
21 specimens
, 69–243):
USNM
388233 (1, 161), Abrolhos Bank (
17°57’08”S
,
38°41’W
), State of Bahia,
Brazil
,
20 m
depth, collected by R.L. Moura & R.B. Francini-Filho,
1 April 2000
.
MZUSP
52721 (2, 227–243) Parcel dos Abrolhos (17°57’08 S”,
38°41’6”W
), Abrolhos Bank, State of Bahia,
Brazil
, collected by R.L. Moura, R.B. Francini-Filho, C. Sazima & I. Sazima,
22 January 1998
.
MZUSP
84862 (1, 108), collected with the
holotype
.
MZUSP
66066 (1, 131) Itaparica (
12°52’S
,
38°41’W
), State of Bahia,
Brazil
, collected by A. Carvalho-Filho,
October 1982
.
MZUSP
60838 (1, 150) Parcel das Paredes (
17°53’54”S
,
38°57’13”W
), Abrolhos Bank, State of Bahia,
Brazil
, collected by R.L. Moura, C.E.L. Ferreira & R.B. Francini-Filho,
19 February 2000
.
MZUSP
66021 (3, 82–95)
Salvador
(
12°56’S
,
38°31’W
), State of Bahia,
Brazil
, collected by V.G. Almeida,
21 July 1970
.
MZUSP
65939 (3, 71–89) same locality as
MZUSP
66021, collected by C.E. Dawson, N.A. Menezes & V.G. Almeida.
MZUSP
66020 (1, 82) same locality as
MZUSP
66066, collected by N.A. Menezes & V.G. Almeida,
24 August 1972
.
MZUSP
66022 (5, 69–128), Lagoa Mundaú (
09°37’S
,
35°48'W
), Maceió, State of Alagoas,
Brazil
, collected by
CETESB
, 1985.
MZUSP
66026 (1, 79) Ponta de Pedras (
8°3’S
,
34°46’W
) State of Pernambuco,
Brazil
, collected by P. Montouchet,
30 August 1970
.
MZUSP
51167 (1, 87), same data as
MZUSP
66022.
MZUSP
65062 (1, 91) Fortaleza (
3°45'S
38°20'W
) State of Ceará,
Brazil
, 0.5m depth (tidepool), collected by R.L. Moura, R.B. Francini-Filho & C.H. Flesh,
26 March 2000
.
Diagnosis.
Among western Atlantic snappers,
Lutjanus alexandrei
is similar to the gray snapper,
Lutjanus griseus
(Linnaeus)
, and the schoolmaster,
Lutjanus apodus
(Walbaum)
, with which it shares the following characters: 14 soft dorsal-fin rays, 6 (
5–7 in
L. apodus
) scales between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin, anchor-shaped vomerine tooth patch with a median posterior extension, upper canines much larger than lower canines.
Lutjanus alexandrei
differs from
L. griseus
by the presence of 6 pale vertical bars (sometimes faded) on the trunk (absent in
L. griseus
), a longer pectoral fin (length exceeding the distance from the snout to the posterior margin of preopercle), and the angularity of the dorsal scale rows below the soft dorsal fin (not markedly oblique as in
L. griseus
).
Lutjanus alexandrei
differs from
L. apodus
in having a red to pale-red body cast and reddish fins instead of a yellowish-pale body with yellow fins, and by having only six narrow pale vertical lines dorsally (sometimes faded) instead of eight wider pale bands as in
L. apodus
. The number of lateral-line scales, varying from 43 to 48, is also slightly higher than that of
L. apodus
(40–45), and more similar to that of
L. griseus
(43–47).
Description.
The general morphological features of
Lutjanus
are presented by
Allen (1985)
and
Anderson (1987)
for adults and by Lindeman
et al
. (2005) for larvae and juveniles, and are not repeated herein. Dorsal rays X, 14; anal rays III, 8; pectoral rays 16 (uppermost rudimentary and unbranched); pelvic rays I, 5; principal caudal rays 9+8; lateral line with 43–48 (45) pored or tubed scales forming a continuous sensory canal between the upper end of gill opening and the caudal-fin base, tubes in lateral line simple, unbranched; branchiostegal rays 7; gill rakers 17–19 (17) total, 5–6 (5) fully developed rakers on the upper limb and 6–9 (8) fully developed plus 3–5 (4) rudimentary rakers on the lower limb; gill membranes separate, free from isthmus; vertebrae 10+14. Body relatively deep, maximum depth 37.3–45.6% (40.3) of SL; snout pointed and long, 27.8–37.8% (33.9) of HL; mouth terminal, large and protractile, with one row of conical teeth in each jaw; a prominently enlarged pair of caniniform teeth on upper jaw, visible when mouth is closed, 3–5 (3) pairs of fanglike pointed conical teeth in lower jaw, vomerine tooth patch anchor-shaped, with a prominent median posterior extension. Morphometric and meristic data are summarized in
Tables 1
and
2
, respectively.
TABLE 1.
Proportional measurements for the holotype and 21 paratypes of
Lutjanus alexandrei
,
sp.n
.
Measurements 1 to 6 expressed as proportions of standard length, and measurements 7 to 22 expressed as proportions of head length.
| Holotype Mean MZUSP 65664 |
SD |
Min |
Max |
| 1- Predorsal, length |
45.2 44.9 |
1.5 |
40.8 |
47.5 |
| 2- Prepectoral, length 3- Prepelvic, length |
39.3 36.8 46.3 42.9 |
1.2 2.0 |
34.6 40.6 |
39.3 46.8 |
| 4- Preanal, length |
74.9 73.2 |
1.8 |
70.2 |
77.4 |
| 5- Dorsal-fin base, length 6- Body, depth |
49.0 51.7 40.3 41.5 |
1.6 2.2 |
48.9 37.3 |
54.6 45.6 |
| 7- Orbit, diameter |
23.1 27.4 |
2.1 |
23.1 |
30.8 |
| 8- Interorbital, width 9- Premaxillary, length |
17.4 18.0 37.4 38.1 |
1.1 1.6 |
15.6 35.0 |
20.4 42.1 |
| 10- Snout, length |
33.9 31.8 |
2.7 |
27.8 |
37.8 |
| 11- Pelvic-fin, length 12- Pectoral-fin, length |
53.6 59.7 74.6 78.0 |
4.4 3.5 |
53.3 67.8 |
68.2 84.2 |
| 13- Caudal peduncle, depth |
32.7 34.2 |
1.6 |
30.34 |
37.1 |
| 14- 1st dorsal spine, length |
15.7 17.0 |
2.2 |
14.03 |
22.9 |
| 15- 2nd dorsal spine, length 16- 3rd dorsal spine, length |
27.7 28.8 37.1 37.9 |
2.4 2.8 |
24.57 30.77 |
34.8 43.4 |
| 17- 4th dorsal spine, length |
40.1 40.7 |
2.0 |
37.58 |
44.9 |
| 18- Anal-fin base, length |
38.5 40.5 |
2.7 |
36.36 |
47.5 |
| 19- 1st anal spine, length |
20.3 22.7 |
2.3 |
17.21 |
27.6 |
| 20- 2nd anal spine, length 21- 3rd anal spine, length |
37.2 40.7 34.9 37.5 |
3.2 2.2 |
33.14 33.56 |
44.5 40.4 |
| 22- Body, width |
44.5 45.5 |
3.8 |
37.02 |
52.2 |
TABLE 2.
Frequency of counts for some type specimens of
Lutjanus alexandrei
,
sp. n.
(specimens with damaged gill rakers/ lateral-line scales not included).
| Gill rakers |
Lateral-line scales |
| Upper limb |
Lower limb |
Total |
| 5 6 2 11 |
11 12 13 14 4 4 4 1 |
17 18 7 1 |
19 3 |
20 1 |
43 1 |
44 45 46 47 2 4 4 4 |
48 2 |
Origin of dorsal fin slightly posterior to opercular margin; dorsal fin continuous, with only a slight notch between the spinous and soft portions. Caudal fin slightly emarginated; anal fin rounded; pectoral fin pointed and reaching the level of anus, length longer than the distance from tip of snout to posterior edge of preopercle, and 3.0–3.6 (3.5) times in SL. Nostrils small, posterior nostril elongate and at level of pupil, anterior nostril more rounded and located slightly below the level of the posterior one. Preopercle serrate, its lower margin with visible but weak notch and knob. Scales small, ctenoid, not extending dorsally on head above upper margin of orbit nor onto interorbital and internarial space; scales above lateral line (between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line) 6; transverse scale rows between upper edge of opercle and caudal base 37–47 (39); scale rows on cheek 6–7 (7); soft dorsal and anal fins scaled; dorsal scale rows parallel to the longitudinal body axis. Reddish body cast in life (
Figure 2
), becoming light brown dorsally and pale ventrally in preserved specimens (
Figure 1
). Body scales with more intense pigmentation on margins, paler in centers. Sides with six pale, thin, vertical lines dorsally. First band on the nape in front of the dorsal fin, fifth under the junction of spiny and soft portion of dorsal fin, and sixth bellow soft dorsal fin. These pale lines are still visible in some preserved specimens but, as observed by
Starck (1970)
for
L. apodus
, some specimens may lack these lines. Conspicuous spots (blue in life) are present on the cheek and preopercle, 7–10 of these typically present on snout and ventral portion of head, most below ventral margin of orbit and above superior margin of premaxilla. Median fins red, with more dense pigment on the margins, becoming pale brown in preserved specimens. Live individuals with thin blue distal margins on ventral, anal, and soft dorsal fins (
Figure 2
) that are not apparent in preserved specimens (
Figure 1
). Pupils black, iris reddish copper.
In life, early juveniles less than approximately
5 cm
typically have reddish or gray bodies and fins. Between
2–3 cm
SL, specimens from shaded mangrove areas have dense melanophore rows on body, 6–8 pale vertical bands, and an oblique, black eye stripe (
Figure 3
). Distal portions of first dorsal and pelvic fins dark red. Caudal, soft dorsal, posterior elements of anal, and pectoral fins transparent. Two thin blue lines from maxilla to posterior margin of opercle. Short, oblique blue line from posterior orbit to opercular margin (Figure 3). Specimens from unshaded rocky areas or tidepools can also exhibit pale yellow pigment dorsally and on the distal portions of the soft dorsal and caudal fins. Newly settled individuals from softbottom adjacent to mangroves lack red fin pigment, instead with melanophores concentrated distally on first dorsal, pelvic and anterior anal fins. Remaining fins transparent. Lateral bands on body, and blue and black lines on head begin development by
15 mm
.
Etymology.
The specific name honors the pioneer Brazilian naturalist Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (
1756–1815
), whose many years of field work in
Brazil
during the late 18th Century remain underrecognized due to the confiscation of his and others’ collections at Lisbon’s Museu da
Ajuda
in 1808 (
Oliveira & Daly 2001
). Ferreira collected many specimens that were ultimately described as new without any reference to his efforts. The common name Brazilian snapper is proposed for
L. alexandrei
.
FIGURE 1.
Holotype of
Lutjanus alexandrei
, MZUSP 65664, 152.6 mm SL, Camurupim Reef, Tamandaré (8°49'S, 35°05'W), State of Pernambuco, Brazil.
FIGURE 2.
Underwater photograph of
Lutjanus alexandrei
. Parcel das Paredes (17°53’54”S, 38°57’13”W), Abrolhos Bank, Bahia, Brazil (R.L. Moura).
FIGURE 3.
Early juvenile individual of
Lutjanus alexandrei
, 27 mm SL, collected in the mouth of Rio Mamucabas, Tamandaré (08°49'S, 035°05'W), State of Pernambuco, Brazil, 1 m depth (Beatrice P. Ferreira & Sérgio Resende, 18 February 2005).
Distribution, ecology and behavior.
The Brazilian snapper,
L. alexandrei
is only recorded from the tropical portion of the southwestern Atlantic continental shelf, and has a narrower latitudinal range than other Western Atlantic species of
Lutjanus
. It is known from the state of Maranhão (
00°52’S
) to the southern coast of the state of Bahia (
18°0’S
),
Brazil
, in areas under the influence of the west-flowing Equatorial Current (northern
Brazil
) and the south-flowing
Brazil
Current (northeastern
Brazil
). It is apparently absent from oceanic islands. Additional collections may show an even broader distributional range for this species, as was the case with 48 other poorly known reef-fish species in the southwestern Atlantic (Moura
et al
. 1999).
Habitats of the Brazilian snapper include coral reefs, rocky shores, coastal lagoons with brackish water, mangroves and other shallow habitats with a mixture of soft- and hard-bottom. Recorded depths range from intertidal (early stages only) to at least
54 m
(
Feitoza
et al
. 2005
— identified as
L. apodus
). During the day, adults of
L. alexandrei
were observed on reefs as solitary individuals or in small groups showing restricted activity. Adults can co-occur with
L. jocu
(see figure on page
40 in
MMA 2002
, several
L. alexandrei
were misidentified as
L. jocu
). These mixed groups are often composed of large (>
20 cm
), probably adult, individuals. Similar to several other
Lutjanus
species, this species appears to be active predominantly during crepuscular and nocturnal periods. Juveniles smaller than
10 cm
SL can be common in mangroves and rocky tidepools, sometimes together with
L. jocu
juveniles, and may also occur in other shallow habitats. Based on available information, early juvenile stages of
L. alexandrei
are uncommon or rare in deeper, offshore reef habitats, as in many congeners (
Lindeman
et al
. 1998
,
Lindeman & DeMaria 2005
).