Intersexual ‘ Arms Race’ and the Evolution of the Sphragis in Pteronymia Butterflies Author Carvalho, Ana Paula S. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, acarvalho@ufl.edu Author Mota, Luísa L. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083 - 862, Brazil, and Author Kawahara, Akito Y. Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, text Insect Systematics and Diversity 2019 2019-01-23 3 2019 3 1 13 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy021 journal article 10.1093/isd/ixy021 2399-3421 4551929 Pteronymia andreas (Weeks, 1901) Figure 2 Females examined: 22. 1 with a complete sphragis; 12 bearing incomplete or amorphous sphragides. Description: Coloration—golden-brown to yellowish off-white. Shape—plate-like. Structure—mostly hollow. Scales—found in some specimens, but not ordered, probably accidentally attached. Complexity category—2. Comments: The complete sphragis that we observed was likely deformed due to the way it was attached to the sterigma. Nearly all (12/13, 92%) of the sphragides observed for this species were incomplete. Incomplete sphragides were in the form of a plate, and always completely internalized inside the bowl-like sterigma. The amount of sphragidal material was variable, but often it only covered the ostium bursae and immediate surroundings.