Taxonomic revision of the southern African species of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae)
Author
Madika, Lydia K.
Department of Botany & Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524 Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
Author
Moteetee, Annah Ntsamaeeng
Department of Botany & Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524 Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
amoteetee@uj.ac.za
text
PhytoKeys
2022
2022-03-15
193
9
42
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.193.72270
journal article
10.3897/phytokeys.193.72270
3.
Cynoglossum austroafricanum
Weim
. ex
Hilliard & B.L. Burtt in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.,
Edinburgh
43(3):347 (1986)
.
Cynoglossum austroafricanum
Weim
.,
Jacot Guillarmod, Fl.
Lesotho
: 233 (1971)
;
Gibbs Russell
et al
., in
Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Afr.
48:109 (1984)
, nom. nud.
Type.
South Africa
♀
♂
,
KwaZulu-Natal
,
Underberg
(2929):
Cobham Forest Reserve
,
Sipongweni
, c.
6500ft
(-CB),
21 Feb 1981
,
O.M. Hilliard
and
B.L.
Burtt 14072
(
Eimage
! [2 sheets],
holotype
;
K-image
!;
NU-image
! [3 sheets],
isotype
)
.
Perennial or biennial herbs,
0.3–0.5 m
in height. Basal leaves 100–190×
15– 30 mm
, lanceolate-obtuse, softly hairy, persistent margins entire. Stem leaves 45–100×
10–21 mm
, narrowly lanceolate to linear lanceolate shaped, acute apex, cuneate base, margins undulate, covered with stiff hairs. Trichomes unicellular, with thick round base on the adaxial surface, simple on the abaxial surface. Inflorescences dichotomously branched, loose cymes at the apex, pedicels
4–9 mm
long, and lengthens considerably in fruit. Calyx ca.
2–3 mm
long, lobes obtuse, pubescent on the outer surface, glabrous on the inner surface, apex acute. Corolla pale blue; lobes
2.75–4.25 mm
in diameter, cruciform, apex obtuse. Nutlets ovoid, 3.0–3.5×2.5–3.0 mm; glochidia more spread towards the margins, thin, tip multi-angular (
Figure 7
).
Figure 7.
Vegetative and reproductive morphological features of
Cynoglossum austroafricanum
A
line drawing of the branching pattern of the fruit stalk, and the alternating stem leaves
B
SEM micrograph of the adaxial surface of a fruit nutlet, with the arrangement of glochidia around the nutlet
C
SEM micrograph of the glochidia. Voucher specimen:
O.M. Hilliard
and
B.L. Burtt 11803
(PRE). Drawing scale bar: 7.5 mm. SEM scale bar: 1 mm (
B
); 100 µm (
C
).
Phenology.
December to April.
Conservation status.
Least Concern (
Raimondo et al. 2009
).
Diagnostic characters.
Amongst the southern African species,
Cynoglossum austroafricanum
can be confused with either
C. lanceolatum
or
C. coeruleum
var.
mannii
. This species differs from the two by the colour of the corolla (white corolla with pale blue throat vs pale blue corolla throughout in
C. austroafricanum
). This latter observation was also noted by
Hilliard and Burtt (1986)
.
Distribution and habitat.
The species is distributed in South Africa (North-West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Free-State, KwaZulu-Natal, and Eastern Cape Provinces), eSwatini and Lesotho (
Figure 8
), where it occurs in shady, disturbed areas, and sandy, dry riverbanks.
Additional specimens examined.
South Africa
. LIMPOPO: 2430 (
Tzaneen
):
Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve
(-AA),
7 Oct 1986
,
N. Stalmans
1404
(
PRE
)
.
NORTH-WEST: 2626 (
Lichtenburg
):
Lichtenburg
(-AA),
Feb 1918
,
L. Kretzshmar
17065
(
PRE
)
.
GAUTENG: 2528 (
Pretoria
):
Brooklyn
(-CA),
1 Feb 1931
,
A.O.D. Mogg
16451
(
PRE
)
.
MPUMALANGA
: 2430 (Pilgrim’s rest): Pilgrim’s rest, next to the old railway line (DD),
31 Jan 2019
,
A.N. Moteetee
and
L.K. Madika
AL06
(
JRAU
)
.
2530 (
Mashishing
):
Mashishing
(-AB),
Apr 1910
,
M. Crosby
1989
(
PRE
)
;
Mashishing District
(-CA),
8 Feb 1904
,
J. Burtt-Davy
1472
(
PRE
)
.
2630 (
Carolina
):
Between Oshoek
border post and
Carolina
(-BA),
Jan 1906
,
H. Bolus
12161
(
PRE
)
.
FREE STATE: 2828 (
Bethlehem
):
Golden Gate
(-AB),
22 Jan 1951
,
A. Wiezer
22485
(
NBG
)
.
(Fouriesburg):
Bethlehem
(-CA),
8 Jan 1918
,
G. Potts
3246
(
PRE
)
;
Witsieshoek
(-DB),
28 Feb 1975
,
O.M. Hilliard
and
B.L. Burtt
8665
(
NU
)
.
KWAZULU-NATAL
: 2730 (
Vryheid
):
Oshoek District
,
Wakkerstroom
(-AC),
18 Jan 1961
,
N.J. Devenish
480
(
PRE
)
;
Amajoba District
Municipality area,
Luiperdkloof
farm,
Natural Heritage
site no.47 (-AD),
25 Jan 2011
,
A.M. Ngwenya
3601
(
NH
)
.
2829 (
Harrismith
):
Cathedral Peak
(-CC),
18 Feb 1983
,
O.M. Hilliard
and
B.L. Burtt
16298
(
NU
)
;
12 Jan 1984
,
J. Scott
76
(
NH
)
.
2830 (
Dundee
):
Hattingspruit Station
(-AA),
Dec 1929
,
D. Johnston
268
(
NU
)
.
2929 (
Underberg
):
Mpendhle District
, upper
Loteni Valley
(-AD),
5 Feb 1985
,
O.M. Hilliard
and
B.L. Burtt
18103
(
NU
,
PRE
)
;
Loteni Nature Reserve
(-BC),
24 Dec 1978
,
O.M. Hilliard
and
B.L. Burtt
11803
(
PRE
)
;
Polela River
(-CB),
21 Apr 1973
,
M.A. Rennie
379
(
NU
)
;
23 Mar 1977
,
O.M. Hilliard
and
B.L. Burtt
9793
(
NU
)
;
17 Feb 1982
,
O.M. Hilliard
and
B.L. Burtt
15520
(
NU
)
.
2930 (
Pietermaritzburg
):
Gate farm Keerom-Cottingham
(-CC),
23 Mar 1969
,
R.G. Strey
8420
(
NH
)
.
2931 (
Stanger
):
Tugela
valley (-AA),
14 Feb 1926
,
Bayer
47
(
NU
)
.
3029 (
Kokstad
):
Hillside
(-CA),
Jan 1956
,
P. Thompson
2
(
NU
)
;
on banks of streams near
Kokstad
(-CB),
Dec 1883
,
W. Tyson
1839
(
NBG
),
17 Jan 1957
,
L.E. Taylor
5473
(
NBG
)
.
3030 (
Dumisa
):
Port Shepstone
(-AD),
22 Oct 1997
,
J. Arkell
353
(
NH
)
.
EASTERN CAPE
: 3128 (
Umtata
):
Transkei
, on the summit of
Baziya Mt.
(-AD),
23 February 1988
,
T. Strever
917
(
PRE
)
;
Walter Sisulu University
, Area 3: East of In-Service centre (-DB),
14 Feb 2001
,
N. Nombekela
102
(
NH
)
.
3126 (
Queenstown
):
Hangklip
(-DD),
Feb 1960
,
H. Koepowitz
13147
(
GRA
)
.
3129 (
Port St. John’s
):
Ntabankulu Mountain
,
Gome Forest Station
,
Tabankulu
(-AB),
11 Nov 1996
,
T. Dold
,
E. Cloete
and
R. White
2940
(
GRA
)
.
3227 (
Stutterheim
):
Fort Cunynghame Station
(-AD),
Nov 1894
,
T.R. Sim
1860
(
NU
)
;
no date 1897,
T.R. Sim
20420
(
NU
)
.
Figure 8.
Known distribution of
Cynoglossum austroafricanum
in southern Africa based on the specimens examined.
eSwatini. 2631 (
Mbabane
):
Forbes Reef
(-AA),
14 Apr 1960
,
R.H. Compton
30035
(
NBG
)
;
Mbabane
(-AC),
17 Jan 1951
,
A. Wuze
22393
(
NBG
)
.
Lesotho
. 2828 (
Bethlehem
):
Leribe District
, LHDA Phase 1A (-AD),
11 Jan 1996
,
P.B. Phillipson
,
C. Mokuku
,
R. Judd
, and
C. Hobson
4473
(
GRA
)
;
Leribe
(-AD), no date,
M. Dieterlen
70
(
NBG
;
NH
)
.
2927 (
Maseru
):
Thaba Bosiu
(-BC),
1 Mar 1978
,
M. Schmitz
8205
(
PRE
)
;
Mahlatsa
(-BB),
18 Jan 1941
,
A. JacotGuillarmod
51
(
GRA
)
;
Sefikeng Ha Fako
(-BD),
Oct 2018
,
A.N. Moteetee
56
(
JRAU
)
;
30 Dec 2018
,
A.N. Moteetee
59
(
JRAU
)
.
2929 (
Underberg
):
Mokhotlong
(-AC),
Mar 1949
,
A. Jacot Guillarmod
1072
(
PRE
),
25 Feb 1949
,
W.J. Barker
21515
(
NBG
)
.
No locality details:
27 Nov 1888
,
H. Medley
4576
(
NH
);
Dec 1946
,
E. Meston
50
(
NU
)
.
Taxonomic notes.
According to
Hilliard and Burtt (1986)
, this species was described by Dr. H. Weimarck who did not select a
type
specimen; therefore, in typifying it they retained the specific epithet.