Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes) Author Melo, Bruno F Author Ota, Rafaela P Author Benine, Ricardo C Author Carvalho, Fernando R Author Lima, Flavio C T Author Mattox, George M T Author Souza, Camila S Author Faria, Tiago C Author Reia, Lais Author Roxo, Fabio F Author Valdez-Moreno, Martha Author Near, Thomas J Author Oliveira, Claudio text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2024 Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2024-09-03 202 1 1 37 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101 journal article 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101 0024-4082 13785448 A349939-8BEB-4BAA-9B6D-887B998559B5 Acestrorhamphinae Eigenmann 1907, new usage Type genus: Acestrorhamphus Eigenmann and Kennedy 1903 , junior synonym of Oligosarcus Günther 1864 . Included genera: Andromakhe Terán et al ., 2020 , Astyanax (in part), Ctenobrycon , Hyphessobrycon (in part), Oligosarcus , and Psalidodon (in part). Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Oligosarcus argenteus , Ctenobrycon olioerai Benine et al ., 2010 and Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) . This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 7 for a reference phylogeny of Acestrorhamphinae . Etymology: From the ancient Greek ἄκεστΡα (ˈɑːkɛstɹə) meaning a darning needle and ῥάμϕος (ɹˈaemfo͡ʊz) meaning curved beak. Remarks: The subfamily Acestrorhamphinae is resolved as monophyletic in the UCE phylogeny and comprises four major lineages ( Fig. 7 ): Ctenobrycon , Astyanax , a clade containing Hyphessobrycon and Oligosarcus , and Psalidodon . There are modifications to the taxonomy for each of these lineages that are outlined below. Ctenobrycon includes four species C. spilurus (Valenciennes, 1850) , C. olioerai , and two species transferred here: Ctenobrycon kennedyi (Eigenmann, 1903) (former Psellogrammus kennedyi ) and C. magdalenae (Eigenmann and Henn, 1916) (former Astyanax magdalenae ) ( Fig. 7 ). The taxonomic history starts with the description of Ctenobrycon with Tetragonopterus hauxwellianus Cope, 1870 as the type species based on the presence of ctenoid (= spinoid) scales in the pre-ventral region (Eigenmann 1908). The monotypic genus Psellogrammus , with Hemigrammus kennedyi Eigenmann, 1903 as type species, was described in the same study (Eigenmann 1908). Tetragonopterus spilurus Valenciennes, 1848 was transferred to Ctenobrycon (Eigenmann 1910) . A close relationship between