EULOPHIDAE OF COSTA RICA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA), 5: The genus Galeopsomyia Girault Author Hansson, Christer Scientific Associate Biological Museum (Entomology), Lund University Sölvegatan 37, SE- 22362 Lund, Sweden & Natural History Museum, Insects Division Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom Author Hanson, Paul E. School of Biology and Zoology Museum Biodiversity and Tropical Ecology Research Center (CIBET) University of Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 11501 - 2060, San José, Costa Rica text Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera 2023 Oxford, England 2023-09-28 3 1 1 743 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8372023 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.8372024 978-1-7397467-2-8 2754-9844 8372024 D833085E-4DB3-48D3-964F-A41566442672 Genus GALEOPSOMYIA Girault Trichaporus Förster, 1856:84 . Type species: Euderus columbianus Ashmead (subsequent monotypy by Ashmead, 1900:561 ). Placed on Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ( ICZN, 1985 ). Trichoporus Ashmead, 1900:561 . Incorrect subsequent spelling of Trichaporus Förster. Placed on Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology ( ICZN, 1985 ). Galeopsomyia Girault, 1916:348 . Type species: Euderus columbianus Ashmead (1888) [= G. haemon (Walker) ], by original designation. Galeopsomopsis Girault, 1917a:1 . Type species: Galeopsomopsis multisulcata Girault (1917a:1) , by original designation. Synonymized by LaSalle & Schauff (1992:29) . Diagnosis. Body strongly sclerotized, gaster not collapsing in dried specimens, all gastral tergites at least partly reticulate, usually strongly so. Head with a subocular fovea that is usually reticulate at the bottom ( Figs 15–17 ). Propodeum ( Fig. 22 ) with a strong median carina and with strong paraspiracular carinae, also with 1–2 transverse carinae on either side of median carina, one close to posterior margin (always present) and one in the middle ( Fig. 22 ) (not present in all species). Female gaster short ovate to very elongate, 1.1–4.6× as long as wide in dorsal view. All species included here have a unique set of features on the face below the toruli and eye ( Figs 29–34 ). These features include three white areas (1–3) on dried specimens, and a swelling below the eye (4). The white areas are possibly membranes. When the head is treated with 10% KOH, to remove soft parts, these white areas appear as holes in the cuticle ( Fig. 33 ). The swelling below the eye is possibly connected to the white areas, together forming a system with an unknown function. None of these features are present in any other group of the Eulophidae . Description. Antennae in both sexes attached in lower half of frons; scape not reaching to upper level of vertex, flagellum with two short anelli; females with three funiculars and three clavomeres with variation in the delimitation between C1 and C2, and rarely also between C2 and C3, from no constriction (solid clava) ( Fig. 37 ) to having a strong constriction between clavomeres ( Fig. 38 ); regardless, the flagellum is here regarded as always having three clavomeres, C3 with a ±distinct apical spicule; males either with a dorso-basal whorl of long setae on F1–F4 and on C1–C2, sometimes with a ventro-basal whorl of long setae on C1 & C2, and sometimes with a dorso-basal whorl of long setae present only on F1 & F2, these setae usually much longer than the flagellomere to which they are attached ( Fig. 953 ), or with scattered short setae on all flagellomeres ( Fig. 975 ); males with a dorso-basal whorl of long setae on the flagellomeres have four funiculars and three clavomeres, with clava usually very long and narrow ( Fig. 953 ), males with scattered setae on the flagellomeres have only six flagellomeres (clava undifferentiated) ( Fig. 975 ); male scape with a sensory plaque on ventral margin, usually situated in apical half of scape ( Fig. 971 ), or extending along ±entire length of scape ( Fig. 965 ). Head with malar sulcus complete and straight; with a subocular fovea (a.k.a. malar pit/malar fovea) that is reticulate at the bottom; with or without genal carina ( Figs 15–17 ), if present then varying in length from very short and situated close to mouth opening ( Fig. 16 ), to extending from mouth opening up to above level of lower margin of eye ( Fig. 17 ); clypeal margin bidentate ( Fig. 30 ). Head below level of toruli with weak to strong reticulation but with clypeal area smooth or with very weak reticulation, frons with strong reticulation to rugose between eyes and antennal scrobes, scrobes usually with small-meshed weak (usually) to strong (rarely) reticulation; with scattered setae, except scrobes which are always bare; face with pale areas and swelling as described above under diagnosis. Vertex usually with strong reticulation outside ocellar triangle, inside ocellar triangle with wrinkled sculpture or reticulation, usually with a carina between lateral ocelli in posterior part, and with a strong sulcus from eye margin to lateral ocelli and continuing from there to median ocellus ( Figs 933–950 ). Occipital margin usually rounded, but in some species with a carina or sharp edge. Pronotum with strong reticulation, meshes isodiametric, with posterior margin smooth, always without a transverse carina on collar. Mesoscutum with an incomplete (present in posterior part) to complete median groove, or median groove absent; midlobe with a varying number of setae close to notauli (adnotaular setae), some species with setae in a single ( Fig. 152 ) or scattered row close to inner margin of notauli ( Fig. 250 ), and a few species with setae scattered all over midlobe ( Fig. 636 ); many species with part of midlobe close to notauli papillate, i.e. with attachment points of setae as small nobs ( Fig. 620 ), or rugose. Axillae with strong reticulation and advanced ⅓–½ their length in front of transscutal articulation. Mesoscutellum transverse to elongate, usually convex but in a few species ±flat; submedian grooves usually present and separating a median part from lateral parts; with a ±wide groove along posterior margin that is usually subdivided by longitudinal short carinae (costulae) ( Fig. 911 ). The submedian grooves of the mesoscutellum can be distinct with both inner and outer margins distinct and complete ( Fig. 926 ), with inner margin distinct but outer margin indistinct or missing ( Figs 917, 920 ), or with both inner and outer margins indistinct ( Fig. 908 ); straight or curved, parallel, diverging towards posterior part, or diverging towards both anterior and posterior parts, with ( Fig. 916 ) or without ( Fig. 915 ) transverse costulae. Setation on the mesoscutellum is usually confined to the lateral parts and there may be several setae scattered over entire lateral part, or with two pairs of setae – one pair always attached close to posterior margin (these setae are always the longest) and one pair either attached in median or in anterior part of mesoscutellum; a few aberrant species have setae over the entire surface of the mesoscutellum ( Fig. 932 ). Dorsellum varying from shiny with weak sculpture to strongly reticulate or with other strong sculpture, with ( Fig. 22 ) or without a complete median carina. Propodeum with a complete and strong narrow to wide median carina, usually expanding both in posterior and anterior parts, also with a strong and curved paraspiracular carina on either side, and a transverse carina close to posterior margin, and many species also have a median transverse carina reaching from paraspiracular carina towards median carina; part between median carina and paraspiracular carina either with strong reticulation ( Fig. 144 ), or a combination of strong reticulation and strong irregular carinae ( Fig. 146 ); spiracles covered by a small flap on the outer side of spiracle; callus with 2–11 setae. Coxae with very weak to very strong reticulation, mid coxa usually with weakest reticulation; some species with a sharp edge along posterior margin of fore coxa and/or a carina along posterior margin of hind coxa ( Figs 18, 19 ); hind coxa with ( Fig. 21 ) or without ( Fig. 20 ) a carina along posterior margin. Wings usually completely hyaline, but in a few species with infuscate parts, veins yellowish-brown to yellowish-white; fore wing with 2–13, but usually 4–5, setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein, sometimes with different number of setae on left and right wing on same specimen (given as x&x); costal cell with a row of setae on ventral surface (here referred to as costal setal row ), row either unbroken ( Fig. 35 ) or with setae absent in median part ( Fig. 36 ) and then referred to as broken ; postmarginal vein absent or very short, always distinctly shorter than stigmal vein; costal cell 10–27× as long as wide; speculum closed, or open below and/or towards base of wing. Petiole varying from very short, just a narrow band, to about 0.5× as long as wide with dorsal part with or without strong irregular sculpture or a few longitudinal carinae. Female gaster 1.1–4.6× as long as wide, strongly sclerotized and not collapsing after death, with strong or weak reticulation; medio-basal Gt 1 with an incision that can be either ±semicircular ( Fig. 23 , 42 ) or ±rectangular ( Fig. 43 ), in the latter case there are usually flat areas on either side of the incision ( Fig. 43 ), with ( Figs 24 , 41, 42 ) or without ( Figs 23 , 43 ) a transverse carina or edge above attachment point of petiole, this part sometimes with short longitudinal carinae ( Figs 27, 28 ); with longest cercal seta usually at least twice as long as next longest, and curved or sinuate but never kinked. Female hypopygium reaching about half the length of gaster. Many important distinguishing characters for the species are found in the female only, in the antennae and the gaster, i.e. sexually dimorphic characters. As males do not have these features it is difficult to link female and male of the same species based on morphological characters. Unless males can be linked to conspecific females by way of non-sex related morphological characters or through the biology (specimens reared from the same host and collecting event) only females are described and included here. As most males are unknown it seems pointless to include them in an identification key. However, all known males are included in the descriptions. Distribution. The New World, being most abundant and diverse in the subtropical and tropical parts. Very few species are recorded from temperate parts of North America and none thus far from temperate parts of South America. Biology . Associated with galls and seeds, either as inquilines ( Hawkins & Goeden 1984 ) or as parasitoids ( Table 1 ). The species G. fausta is an exception as it targets leafmining Lepidoptera ( Cobo Nuñez 1996 , LaSalle & Peña, 1997 ). See above under “Biology”.