Revision of the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from East Asia, with assessment of species delimitation using DNA barcodes Author Huang, Jia Author Gong, Lu Author Tsaur, Shun-Chern Author Zhu, Lin Author An, Keying Author Chen, Hongwei text Zootaxa 2019 2019-09-30 4678 1 1 75 journal article 25341 10.11646/zootaxa.4678.1.1 96c8a18a-e887-4345-b266-d76076e8416b 1175-5326 3468782 91B46647-B441-41F5-BE27-3A67D699788C Subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) Schiner, 1862 Phortica Schiner, 1862: 433 (as a genus); Máca 2003: 251 (revised status). Type species: Drosophila variegata Fallén, 1823 . Amiota ( Phortica ) : Wheeler 1952: 167 . Diagnosis. Additional plate present between cerci and tenth sternite; aedeagal median rod developed, basally and medially with 1 or 2 pair(s) of bridges articulated with anterodorsal corners of gonopods (after Chen et al . 2007 ). TABLE 3. Results of species delimitation using different methods for the 54 Phortica (s. str.) species.

Method	Model	Number of delimited	Inconsistent result of delimited species	Accuracy (%)
species	compared with putative morphospecies
NJ	p-distance	not applicable	( archikappa , chi , conifera , iota , kappa , liukuni ,	68.5
okadai , psi , saeta )
( bicornuta , foliata )
( chi , eugamma , gamma )
( pi , pseudopi )
ABGD	K2P	53 (based on 0.0017 to	( pseudotau , tau ) ( archikappa , chi )	57.4
0.0028 prior intraspecific	( archikappa , okadai )
divergences)	( bicornuta , foliata , magna )
( chi , conifera , iota , kappa , liukuni , psi )
( chi , eugamma , gamma )
( flexuosa )
( huazhii )
( pi , pseudopi )
( pseudotau , tau )
( rhagolobos , tibeta )
GMYC	single-	43 (confidence interval:	( subradiata , xianfui ) ( archikappa , chi , okadai , seata )	51.9
threshold	31–56)	( bicornuta , foliata , magna )
( chi , conifera , iota , kappa , liukuni , psi )
( eparmata , mengda , wongding )
( eugamma , gamma )
( huazhii )
( jadete , yena )
( kava , setitabula )
( pi , pseudopi )
multi-	63 (confidence interval:	( pseudotau , tau ) ( archikappa , chi , okadai , seata )	40.7
threshold	51–83)	( bicornuta , foliata , magna )
( bipartita )
( cardua , glabtabula )
( chi , conifera , iota , kappa , liukuni , psi )
( eparmata )
( eugamma , gamma )
( flexuosa )
( huazhii )
( kava , setitabula )
( lambda )
( omega )
( orientalis )
( pangi )
( pi , pseudopi )
( protrusa )
( pseudotau , tau )
( subradiata )

......continued on the next page TABLE 3. (Continued)

Method	Model	Number of delimited	Inconsistent result of delimited species	Accuracy (%)
species	compared with putative morphospecies
PTP	bPTP	59	( archikappa , chi , conifera , iota , kappa , liukuni ,	48.1
okadai , psi , saeta )
( bicornuta , foliata , magna )
( eugamma , gamma )
( flexuosa , paramagna )
( huazhii )
( imbacilia )
( jadete , yena )
( latifoliacea )
( orientalis )
( pi )
( pseudopi )
( pseudotau , tau )
( rhagolobos )
mPTP	29	( unipetala ) ( archikappa , chi , conifera , iota , kappa , liukuni ,	33.3
okadai , psi , saeta )
( bicornuta , foliata , magna )
( bipartita , eparmata , jadete , kava , mengda ,
pangi , setitabula , unipetala , wongding , yena )
( cardua , glabtabula )
( chi , eugamma , gamma )
( flexuosa , paramagna )
( pi , pseudopi )
( pseudotau , tau )
( rhagolobos , tibeta )
( subradiata , xianfui )

Two or more putative morphospecies within a bracket pair indicate they (at least most of the samples) are delimited as a single species; only one putative morphospecies within a bracket pair indicates it is delimited as two or more species. Description. Male and female: Eye brownish red. Ocellar triangle dark brown to black. Frons pollinose, grayish brown to black, with a few interfrontal setulae medially. Fronto-orbital plate often silvery-white. Pedicel and first flagellomere grayish brown. Face grayish brown, with yellowish white patches on lower corners. Clypeus medially white to yellow, laterally dark brown to black. Gena grayish yellow to brown; postgena dark brown. Palpus somewhat triangular, brown basally, grayish yellow and with a few setae distally. Vibrissa prominent; other orals small. Mesoscutum and pleura grayish orange-brown, with brownish to black patches and pollinose patterns ( Figs. 5 , 6 ). Postpronotal lobe pale yellow, with 1 long and a few short setae. Acrostichal setulae in ca. 6–8 irregular rows. Prescutellar setae usually 1 pair. Scutellum usually concolorous with thorax, with dark brown to black patches ( Figs. 5 , 6 ). Basal scutellar setae divergent; apicals cruciate. Wing hyaline, sometimes smoky; veins grayish yellow. Basal medial-cubital crossvein present; C 1 setae 2, indistinctly differentiated. Costal vein with spinules on ventral surface between R 2+3 and R 4+5 . R 2+3 slightly curved to costa at tip; R 4+5 distally convergent with M 1 . Halters white. Legs yellow; femora usually brown to black except for apical portions; tibiae usually with 3 brown to black rings. Foreleg femur with 2 or 3 irregular rows of long setae on posterior surface. Preapical dorsal setae present on all tibiae. Midleg tarsus ventrally with 2 rows of minute cuneiform setulae on inner and outer sides; hindleg tarsus with 1 row of minute cuneiform setulae on underside; fore- and hindleg first tarsomeres each as long as three succeeding tarsomeres together; midleg first tarsomere as long as all tarsomeres together. Abdominal tergites yellow to orangeyellow ( Figs. 5 , 6 ): second to fifth tergites with broad brownish to black bands on posterior margins; sixth tergite nearly entirely dark, narrow anterolaterally. Sternites usually grayish yellow. Male terminalia ( Figs. 7–37 ): Epandrium almost not constricted mid-dorsally, with pubescence and setae; apodeme developed along anterior margins. Cercus almost oval, separated from epandrium, entirely pubescent and setigerous. Surstylus with numerous setae on outer surface. Membrane between epandrium and cercus pubescent. Hypandrium arched, usually with 1 pair of apodeme processes on anterior portion, posteriorly contiguous to lateral corners of gonopods. Gonopods fused, forming posteromedian plate, anteriorly forming vertical process. Parameres usually basally contiguous to anterior portion of hypandrium and tips of distally bifurcated ventral branch of aedeagal apodeme. Aedeagus composed of outer membranous tube and more or less sclerotized median rod; outer membrane posteriorly connect to vertical process of gonopod; median rod basally and/or medially connect to basal corners of gonopods by 1 or 2 pair(s) of bridges (2 pairs in Figs. 12C , 20B, 20D , 30C , 33D , 36C , 37C ) and basally contiguous to dorsal branch of aedeagal apodeme; basal bridge sometimes with sclerotized branch ( Figs. 7E , 10C , 15E ); ventral bridge (termed inner paraphysis in Bächli et al . 2004 ) usually contiguous to medial process of aedeagus ( Figs. 30C , 33D , 37C ), sometimes elongated and dilated apically ( Figs. 12C , 20B, 20D , 36C ). Female specimens were mostly collected from tree trunks, and were difficult to identify to species by morphological characters only ( Chen & Toda 1997 ). Therefore, they are still rarely known in this study. Remarks. For the new species described below, only the characters inconsistent with the aforementioned general descriptions are provided for brevity. In the species descriptions, an asterisk ( * ) denotes a new record.