Systematic revision of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi) Author Miranda, Gustavo Silva de 81150D94-592A-4CE5-8E88-E60F557A4341 Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. & Entomology Department, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA. smiranda.gustavo@gmail.com Author Giupponi, Alessandro P. L. 434112AC-B212-43E8-A5D9-2F5D5619AFC4 Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Vetores das Riquetsioses, LIRN-IOC-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. agiupponi@gmail.com Author Prendini, Lorenzo C2D080D0-75DB-4DA1-A101-AB4DCF50FF0A Arachnology Lab, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA. lorenzo@amnh.org Author Scharff, Nikolaj F84D2235-66D2-460C-820D-80024068759D Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. & Entomology Department, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA. & Zoology Section, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. nscharff@snm.ku.dk text European Journal of Taxonomy 2021 2021-09-24 772 1 409 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.772.1505 journal article 4042 10.5852/ejt.2021.772.1505 b65bb5a9-bbe7-49a4-af44-4b4c03121288 2118-9773 5536410 9B82A32F-0A07-47E3-8684-FED7C8EBF1E9 Sarax pakistanus ( Weygoldt, 2005 ) comb. nov. Figs 135 , 144 ; Table 9 Charinus pakistanus Weygoldt, 2005: 6–8 , figs 10–15. Charinus pakistanus – Blick & Seiter 2016: 590 . Diagnosis This species may be separated from other species of Sarax in Africa, the Middle East and South Asia by the following combination of characters: distal margin of female genital operculum with small median projection; ventral sac cover absent; female gonopod finger-like, with slender apex; sexual dimorphism in pedipalps apparently absent; pedipalp patella with large dorsal spine, not setiferous tubercle, distal to spine I, two-thirds length of spine I, two ventral spines, and one seta between spine I and distal margin ( Fig. 144E–F ); pedipalp tibia with base of two dorsal spines situated very close to each other; leg IV basitibia with three articles. Sarax pakistanus comb. nov. resembles S. bengalensis comb. nov. but bears more teeth on the cheliceral claw, more spines on the pedipalp, and the eyes are not as developed, than the latter. Etymology An adjective referring to Pakistan , the country in which the type locality is situated ( Weygoldt 2005 ). Type material Holotype PAKISTAN • ♂ ; Malkandi , between Kawai and Mahandri, Kaghan Valley, Mansehra District ; [ 34°41′15″ N , 73°26′58.75″ E ]; 1500 m a.s.l. ; 3 Jun. 1983 ; C. Besuchet and I. Löbl leg.; sifting leaves and old stumps in hardwood forest; MHNG . Paratypes PAKISTAN • 3 ♀♀ , 2 ♂♂ ; Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [former North-West Frontier Province], ca 1.5 km N of Islamabad ; 33°44.3′ N , 73°03′ E ; ca 800 m a.s.l. ; 10 Jul. 2003 ; S.V. Ovchinnikov leg.; forest, under stones ; SMF 40168 . Supplementary description CARAPACE. Median eyes and median ocular tubercle reduced ( Fig. 144A ); frontal process with rounded apex ( Fig. 144C ); one seta, not pair, posterior to median eyes; lateral eyes well developed, one seta posterior to lateral ocular triad; lateral ocular triad well separated from margin of carapace. STERNUM. Tritosternum projected anteriorly with typical setation ( Fig. 144B ); other sternal platelets small, rounded and convex, with pair of setae anteriorly; pentasternum with two setae anteriorly and without seta in membranous region. OPISTHOSOMA. Ventral sacs and ventral sac cover absent. GENITALIA. Posterior margin of female genital operculum with small median projection; gonopod fingerlike, with slender apex, unsclerotized basally. Male gonopod sclerotized along entire margin of fistula and ventrally, near margin of genital operculum; lateral lobe 1 sclerotized apically; lateral lobe 2 not fimbriate. CHELICERAE. Small, flat tooth projecting from retrolateral surface of basal segment, opposite to bifid tooth; retrolateral surface of claw with two patches of setae, basally and subdorsally; claw with eight teeth; row of eight setae on prolateral surface of basal segment; bifid tooth on basal segment with dorsal cusp larger than ventral cusp. PEDIPALPS. Coxae with seta encircled by round carina and four setae on margin. Femur with four dorsal spines and four ventral spines ( Fig. 144E–F ); two setiferous tubercles between spine 1 and proximal margin. Patella with three dorsal spines and two prominent setiferous tubercles proximal to spine 3; large spine distal to spine I, two-thirds length of spine I; three ventral spines; prominent setiferous tubercle between spine I and distal margin. Tibia with base of two dorsal spines situated very close to each other; three ventral spines distally and seta between spine and distal margin. Tarsus with two dorsal spines, distal spine long, more than half length of tarsus, proximal spine two-thirds length of distal spine ( Fig. 144D ); cleaning organ with 30–34 setae in ventral row. LEGS. Tibia of leg I with 21 articles; tarsus I with 35 articles; first tarsal article slightly longer than second (mean length of first article: 0.32 mm ; mean length of second article: 0.22 mm , n =3). Leg IV basitibia with three pseudo-articles, trichobothrium bt situated in proximal third of pseudo-article; distitibia trichobothrium bc situated closer to bf than to s bf , sc and sf series with five trichobothria; proximal-most trichobothria of sc and sf aligned. Measurements See Table 9 . Distribution Known only from the type localities. Natural history The known specimens were collected under stones and tree stumps, and by sifting leaf litter in forest. Remarks The specimen labeled “ holotype ” in the vial is male not female, as indicated in the original description by Weygoldt (2005) , and the paratypes are 3 ♀♀ , 2 ♂♂ , again contrary to the original description. This species was originally described in the genus Charinus and is hereby transferred to Sarax based on the phylogenetic analyses of Miranda et al. (2021) . The male gonopod of S. pakistanus comb. nov. is completely different from all other species in the family. Detailed SEM images are needed for comparison with the genitalia of other charinids.