Systematic revision of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi) Author Miranda, Gustavo Silva de 81150D94-592A-4CE5-8E88-E60F557A4341 Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. & Entomology Department, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA. smiranda.gustavo@gmail.com Author Giupponi, Alessandro P. L. 434112AC-B212-43E8-A5D9-2F5D5619AFC4 Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Vetores das Riquetsioses, LIRN-IOC-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. agiupponi@gmail.com Author Prendini, Lorenzo C2D080D0-75DB-4DA1-A101-AB4DCF50FF0A Arachnology Lab, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA. lorenzo@amnh.org Author Scharff, Nikolaj F84D2235-66D2-460C-820D-80024068759D Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. & Entomology Department, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA. & Zoology Section, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. nscharff@snm.ku.dk text European Journal of Taxonomy 2021 2021-09-24 772 1 409 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.772.1505 journal article 4042 10.5852/ejt.2021.772.1505 b65bb5a9-bbe7-49a4-af44-4b4c03121288 2118-9773 5536410 9B82A32F-0A07-47E3-8684-FED7C8EBF1E9 Sarax batuensis Roewer, 1962 , stat. rev. Figs 103–104 ; Table 8 Sarax batuensis Roewer, 1962: 519–520 , fig. 3a–b. Sarax sarawakensis – Weygoldt 1994: 244 (from Batu caves, misidentification). Diagnosis This species may be separated from other species of Sarax in Southeast Asia and Oceania by the following combination of characters: sternal platelets narrow and projecting; pedipalp patella with four to six dorsal spines in primary series and two prominent setiferous tubercles distal to spine I. Etymology The species name refers to the caves inhabited by this species ( Roewer 1962 ). Type material Holotype MALAYSIA • ♂ ; Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur , Batu Caves ; [ 03°14′16.19″ N , 101°41′02.5″ E ]; Feb.–Dec. 1959 –60; H.E. McClure leg.; SMF RII/13906/51 [not examined]. Paratypes MALAYSIA • 3 ♀♀ , 5 juv. ; same collection data as for holotype; SMF . Additional material MALAYSIA • 2 juv. ; Batu caves ; 2001; P. Schwendinger leg.; captive bred ; AMCC [ LP 1927 ] . Redescription CARAPACE. Curved carina between ocular triads and carapace margin ( Fig. 104A ); six anterior setae ( Fig. 104A ); frontal process triangular. Small granules densely scattered between ocular triads and among sulci. Median eyes and median ocular tubercle well developed ( Fig. 104A ); pair of setae on median tubercle; lateral eyes well developed, pale, with seta lateral to lateral ocular triad; lateral ocular triad near margin of carapace. STERNUM. Tritosternum projected anteriorly with typical setation, long, surpassing base of pedipalp coxae ( Fig. 104B ); other sternal platelets narrow and projected, with pair of setae anteriorly and some smaller setae posteriorly; pentasternum with four setae anteriorly and four setae near membranous region. OPISTHOSOMA. Ventral sacs and ventral sac cover present. GENITALIA. Female genital operculum with short setae posteromedially; pair of white bulges with slender setae apically, in median region; gonopod finger-like, unsclerotized basally. Male genitalia unknown. CHELICERAE. Short, broad projection on retrolateral surface of basal segment, opposite to bifid tooth; retrolateral surface of claw with row of setae basally to medially; claw with five teeth; more than two rows of several setae on prolateral surface of basal segment; bifid tooth on basal segment with dorsal cusp larger than ventral cusp. PEDIPALPS. Coxae without seta encircled by round carina and three setae on margin. Femur with four dorsal spines and four or five ventral spines ( Fig. 104C–D ); three prominent setiferous tubercles between first dorsal spine and proximal margin; long spine between ventral spine 1 and proximal margin, twothirds length of spine 1; ventral spine between spines 1 and 2 ( Fig. 104D ). Patella with 4–6 dorsal spines in primary series ( Fig. 104C ); two prominent setiferous tubercles distal to spine I; three or four ventral spines; small setiferous tubercle between spine I and distal margin. Tibia with ventral spine distally and four setae between spine and distal margin. Tarsus with two dorsal spines, distal spine long, about onethird length of tarsus, proximal spine one-third length of distal spine; cleaning organ with 29–31 setae in ventral row. Table 8 (continued on next page). Measurements of all Asian Sarax Simon, 1892 .

Pedipalp	Leg IV
Species	Additional information	Source	Sex	Carapace length	Carapace width	Femur length	Patella length	Tibia length	Tarsus length	Claw length	Femur I length	Femur	Basitibia article I	Basitibia article II	Basitibia article III	Basitibia article IV	Distitibia	Basitarsus	Other tarsal articles
S. batuensis	SMF 13906	This work	♀	4.06	5.63	4.40	4.30	2.23	1.38	1.25	11.03	7.20	3.44	1.08	1.00	1.40	3.12	1.43	0.95
S. batuensis	SMF 13906	This work	♀	3.44	4.69	3.50	3.35	1.50	1.10	1.10	10.64	6.25	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
S. batuensis	SMF 13906	This work	♀	2.75	3.85	2.41	2.31	1.25	0.88	0.78	7.20	4.72	2.52	0.76	0.80	0.88	2.40	1.20	0.76
S. bilua	AMCC [LP 5564], This work		♀	2.95	3.85	2.85	2.75	1.28	0.92	0.80	7.28	5.00	2.20	0.80	0.82	1.10	2.66	1.32	0.80
holotype
S. bilua	AMCC [LP 5564]	This work	♀, with eggs	2.40	3.44	2.10	2.00	1.00	0.70	0.60	5.00	3.56	1.48	0.45	0.50	0.78	1.78	1.00	0.62
S. bilua	AMCC [LP 5564]	This work	♀, no	2.70	3.70	2.52	2.20	1.16	0.74	0.70	7.20	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
abdomen
S. brachydactylus	ZMH, paratype	This work	♀	4.40	6.40	4.63	4.44	2.13	1.40	1.05	10.55	7.44	3.50	1.25	1.25	1.55	3.60	2.19	1.34
S. brachydactylus	BMNH	This work	♂	2.60	3.75	2.44	2.41	1.14	0.79	0.63	6.88	4.20	1.93	0.68	0.73	0.83	2.00	1.20	0.85
1894.12.16.1–2
S. brachydactylus	BMNH	This work	♀	3.00	4.25	2.50	2.34	1.25	0.90	0.78	7.20	4.688	2.06	0.63	0.78	1.06	2.34	1.30	0.80
1894.12.16.1–2
S. cavernicola	Rahmadi	♂	3.20	4.17	2.92	3.26	1.59	1.87	–	17.08	9.08	9.90	–	–	–	4.81	2.40	–
et al. 2010
S. cavernicola	Mean values	Rahmadi et al. 2010	♀	4.57–6.37	6.30–8.29	5.95– 8.98	6.15– 9.08	2.81– 3.82	3.00– 4.51	24.35– 35.79	12.92– 18.28]	13.14– 23.28	–	–	–	6.79–10.29	4.21–6.13	–
S. curioi	NMP,Holotype	This work	♀	2.67	3.73	2.04	2.21	1.04	0.69	0.56	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
S. dunni	NMNZ	This work	♀	2.75	4.25	3.30	3.25	1.25	1.00	0.76	–	4.50	2.50	0.81	0.81	0.91	2.19	1.09	0.78
S. huberi	SMNS, paratype	This work	♀	2.32	3.40	2.44	2.52	1.00	0.68	0.63	5.44	3.48	1.68	0.53	0.58	0.83	1.68	0.93	0.56
S. huberi	SMNS, paratype	This work	♀	2.28	3.40	1.78	1.72	0.97	0.63	0.65	4.30	3.25	1.47	0.53	0.53	0.69	1.53	0.90	0.58
S. huberi	SMNS, paratype	This work	♂	2.50	3.55	2.40	2.40	1.00	0.74	0.60	5.04	3.30	1.56	0.45	0.55	0.68	1.53	0.90	0.68
S. indochinensis	ZMUC 21613,	This work	♀	2.76	3.72	2.03	2.00	1.03	0.63	0.63	5.63	3.64	1.64	0.48	0.48	0.72	1.70	0.87	0.63
holotype
S. indochinensis	ZMUC 21612,	This work	♀	2.60	3.50	2.00	2.00	1.03	0.70	0.63	5.75	3.70	1.92	0.50	0.55	0.78	1.75	0.93	0.68
paratype
S. indochinensis	ZMUC 21612,	This work	♂	2.95	3.90	4.50	4.50	1.38	0.86	0.75	6.96	4.35	1.91	0.69	0.69	0.83	1.88	1.03	0.85
paratype
S. javensis	ZMH	This work	♀	3.30	5.25	2.75	2.50	1.60	1.20	1.00	8.88	5.63	2.88	0.84	0.88	1.20	2.64	1.44	1.00
S. javensis	ZMH	This work	juv.♂	6.4/2	8.6/2	6.2/2.5	6.1/2.5	3.1/2.5	2.4/2,5	1.9/2.5	7.20	4.35	2.20	0.68	0.64	0.80	2.00	1.00	0.80
S. lembeh sp. nov.	FMNH 3489485	This work	♀	2.60	3.68	1.91	1.84	1.06	0.91	0.56	5.44	3.69	2.12	0.63	0.83	–	1.93	1.00	0.78
S. mardua	Rahmadi	♀	3.35	4.47	–	–	–	–	–	11.39	6.87	7.74	–	–	–	3.52	3.02	–
et al. 2010
S. mardua	Rahmadi	♂	3.82	5.59	–	–	–	–	–	15.39	8.99	9.65	–	–	–	4.38	3.64	–
et al. 2010
S. monodenticulatus	Rahmadi	♀	2.00–2.48	3.00–3.60	1.40–	1.60–	0.68–	0.60–	–	3.40–	2.40–3.28 0.44–0.60		2.16–3.04	–	–	–	1.40–1.60	1.20–1.52
& Kojima	2.20	2.64	1.00	1.20	4.80
2010

Table 8 (continued). Measurements of all Asian Sarax Simon, 1892 .

Pedipalp	Leg IV
Species	Additional information	Source	Sex	Carapace length	Carapace width	Femur length	Patella length	Tibia length	Tarsus length	Claw length	Femur I length	Femur	Basitibia article I	Basitibia article II	Basitibia article III	Basitibia article IV	Distitibia	Basitarsus	Other tarsal articles
S. monodenticulatus	Rahmadi & Kojima	♂	1.88–2.60	2.60–3.72	1.20– 3.08	1.40– 3.52	0.60– 1.20	0.08– 1.12	–	3.08– 5.40	1.20–3.48 0.60–2.80		0.48–3.20	–	–	–	1.40–2.80	1.04–1.80
S. newbritainensis	Mean values	2010 Rahmadi & Kojima 2010	♂, ♀	3.50	5.00	2.50	3.00	1.25	1.50	–	10.15	5.75	1.00	6.75	2.75	–	–	3 (basi+ metatarsus)	–
S. palau sp. nov.	FMNH 3489487, Holotype	This work	♀	2.25	2.90	1.56	1.50	0.86	0.60	0.56	3.80	3.04	1.25	0.38	0.43	0.58	1.50	0.78	0.60
S. palau sp.nov.	FMNH 3489488, paratype	This work	♂	2.59	3.68	2.16	2.00	1.00	0.75	0.64	4.96	3.45	1.50	0.48	0.55	0.75	1.70	0.95	0.70
S. rahmadi	WAM T63201	This work	♀	4.16	5.92	5.00	5.13	2.25	1.80	1.20	16.10	9.20	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
S. rahmadi	WAM T63201	This work	♂	3.63	4.88	4.69	4.75	1.60	1.20	0.92	12.44	6.96	3.81	1.25	1.40	1.45	2.90	1.35	1.05
S. rimosus	AMCC [LP 1964	This work	♀	3.13	4.13	2.80	2.75	1.35	0.98	0.80	4.24	2.28	0.66	0.88	–	2.16	1.24	0.90
S. rimosus	AMCC [LP 11996	This work	♂	2.36	3.16	2.15	2.10	0.85	0.65	0.50	5.44	3.75	2.00	0.50	0.75	–	1.75	0.98	0.63
S. sangkulirangensis	Mean values	Rahmadi et al. 2010	♂, ♀	3.63	5.28	3.44	4.00	1.13	2.01	–	12.13	7.09	7.52	–	–	–	3.33	2.97 (basi+ metatarsus)	–
S. sarawakensis	AMCC [LP 11594]	This work	♂	3.56	5.38	6.19	6.40	1.60	1.09	0.88	9.00	5.60	2.69	1.06	1.19	1.13	2.38	1.20	1.00
S. gravelyi sp. nov.	AMCC [LP 11994]	This work	♀	3.25	4.45	3.25	2.95	1.50	1.12	0.91	6.72	4.60	2.23	0.60	0.70	0.90	2.25	1.20	0.93
S. gravelyi sp. nov.	AMCC [LP 11994]	This work	♀	3.20	4.31	2.80	2.68	1.36	1.00	0.83	6.88	4.55	2.31	0.63	0.63	0.94	2.23	1.25	0.88
S. tiomanensis sp. nov.	AMCC [LP 11998]	This work	♂	3.06	4.10	3.44	3.28	1.35	0.88	0.80	7.44	4.70	2.20	0.70	0.70	0.85	2.05	1.10	1.25
S. tiomanensis sp. nov.	AMCC [LP 11998]	This work	♂	2.82	3.97	2.96	2.96	1.16	0.76	0.73	6.40	4.15	2.30	0.50	0.70	0.75	1.95	1.15	0.69
S. tiomanensis sp. nov.	AMCC [LP 11998]	This work	♀	2.95	3.97	2.60	2.48	1.20	0.80	0.80	6.30	4.40	2.35	0.60	0.60	0.85	2.10	1.15	0.80
S. tiomanensis sp. nov.	AMCC [LP 11998]	This work	♀	3.28	2.16	1.75	1.85	1.00	0.66	0.70	5.25	4.00	1.85	0.43	0.50	0.63	1.75	0.90	0.70
S. tiomanensis sp. nov.	AMCC [LP 12002]	This work	♀	3.50	4.90	3.85	3.92	1.88	1.12	1.12	9.10	5.75	2.81	0.80	0.98	1.18	2.88	1.13	1.00
S. tiomanensis sp. nov.	AMCC [LP 12001]	This work	♂	2.94	3.19	3.10	2.95	1.32	0.80	0.70	6.72	4.35	2.16	0.56	0.68	0.84	2.04	1.08	0.80
S. willeyi	ZMH	This work	♂	3.60	4.96	4.36	4.12	1.68	1.13	0.83	7.50	5.13	2.38	0.75	0.84	0.97	2.22	1.41	0.94
S. willeyi	ZMH	This work	♀	4.31	5.94	3.44	3.56	1.94	1.45	1.00	10.30	6.40	3.12	1.05	1.10	1.28	3.00	1.60	1.16
S. yayukae	AMCC [LP 12109]	This work	♂	3.25	4.69	5.12	4.96	1.58	1.13	0.88	11.15	6.00	3.00	1.03	1.03	1.41	3.00	1.30	0.96
S. yayukae	AMCC [LP 12109]	This work	♂	3.44	4.81	4.88	4.75	1.66	1.10	0.84	10.00	6.08	2.64	0.92	0.92	1.20	2.68	1.22	0.90
S. yayukae	AMCC [LP 12109]	This work	♀, with eggs	3.44	4.75	3.63	3.13	1.56	1.00	0.94	8.50	5.63	2.81	0.76	0.68	1.16	2.59	1.20	0.98

LEGS. Tibia of leg I with 29 articles; tarsus incomplete; first tarsal article similar in length to second article. Leg IV basitibia with four pseudo-articles, with sclerotized, denticulate margin at apex of articles; trichobothrium bt situated in proximal third of pseudo-article; distitibia trichobothrium bc situated closer to bf than to s bf , sc and sf series each with five trichobothria. Measurements See Table 8 . Distribution Sarax batuensis is endemic to the Batu Caves. Previous reports of S. brachydactylus and S. sarawakensis from these caves ( Fage 1929 ; McClure et al. 1967 ) are misidentifications. Only S. batuensis and S. rimosus are known from the Batu Caves. Natural history This troglobitic species appears to be restricted to the dark zone of the Batu Caves, as no specimens were found in other parts of the cave. Sarax rimosus occurs in the entrance of the cave. Remarks The vial of paratypes comprises three adult females and five juveniles , but the holotype male is missing. The unique morphological characters of S. batuensis , including the large size of the adults and the basitibia of leg IV with four pseudo-articles, justify its recognition as a distinct species, as proposed by Kraus (1970) . Accordingly, this species is removed from synonymy with S. buxtoni . The vial of paratypes contains five juveniles , and three adult females, but the male holotype is missing.