A taxonomic revision of Garcinia sections Dicrananthera and Macrostigma (Clusiaceae) in Thailand Author Ngernsaengsaruay, Chatchai 0000-0002-7131-976X Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Author Chanton, Pichet https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7325-6109 Biodiversity Center, Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand text PhytoKeys 2024 2024-11-07 248 339 360 journal article 10.3897/phytokeys.248.130311 Garcinia thorelii Pierre , Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1 (4): t. 62. 1882; Vesque, Epharmosis 2: 16. t. 146. fig. 77. 1889 et in A. DC. & C. DC., Monogr. Phan. 8: 367. 1893; Engl. in Engl. & Prantl, Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 (6): 236. 1893 ; Pit. in Lecomte et al., Fl. Indo-Chine 1 (4): 301. 1910; Craib, Fl. Siam . 1 (1): 118. 1925; Gagnep. in Gagnep., Fl. Indo-Chine Suppl.: 260. 1943 ; S. W. Jones, Morphology and Major Taxonomy of Garcinia (Guttiferae), Ph. D. Thesis (unpublished): 375. fig. 7 / 13. 1980 . Figs 1 , 2 , 3 Type. Laos • Paklai , fl. & fr., Expedition Mekong 1866–1868, C. Thorel 3365 ( lectotype designated here P [ P 04701082 !]; isolectotypes [ P 04701076 !, P 04701080 !, P 04701081 !, P 04701083 !], K [ K 000677688 !]. Figure 1. Garcinia thorelii A branchlets, leaves, and male inflorescences B branchlets and male inflorescences with male flower buds and fully open male flowers C male inflorescences with male flower buds and early stage of open male flower D early stage of open male flower E fully open male flower showing 4 petals and numerous stamens united into 4 bundles surrounding a pistillode F infructescence G fruit. Photo: Drawn by Wanwisa Bhuchaisri. Description. Habit evergreen tree, 8–20 m tall, 50–180 cm GBH; latex yellow, sticky; branches decussate, horizontal or nearly horizontal; branchlets green, 4 - angular, glabrous. Bark reddish brown or brown, cracked or shallowly fissured; inner bark pale brown. Terminal bud concealed between the bases of the uppermost pair of petioles. Stipuliform structures 2, interpetiolar, caducous, triangular, 1.2–2.7 × 1–2.8 mm , apex acute. Leaves decussate; lamina elliptic, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate-obovate, 7.5–18 × 3–7.5 cm , apex acuminate or acute, base cuneate or obtuse, margin repand, coriaceous, dark green above, paler below, glabrous on both surfaces, midrib shallowly grooved or flattened above, raised below, secondary veins 5–10 each side, curving towards the margin and connected in distinct loops and united into an intramarginal vein, flattened above, slightly raised below, intersecondary veins usually absent, tertiary veins scalariform, veinlets reticulate, visible below, interrupted long wavy lines (glandular wavy lines, also called exudate containing canals) present, of differing lengths, running across the secondary veins to the apex, faint; petiole green, 0.6–1.5 cm long, grooved above, slightly transversely rugose, glabrous, with a basal appendage clasping the branchlet. Inflorescences axillary or at leafless nodes (in axils of fallen leaves), a short thyrse of many flowers, 2–2.5 cm long; bracts caducous, triangular, 0.6–2 mm long, apex acute; peduncle 5–8 mm long, 4 - angular; rachis 0.8–2 cm long, 4 - angular. Flowers unisexual, plants dioecious, 4 - merous, fully open flowers 0.5–1.5 cm in diam.; bracteoles caducous, triangular, 0.8–1.5 mm long, apex acute; pedicels 2–4 mm long; sepals 4 and petals 4, decussate, glabrous; sepals pale green, not concave, triangular, 1–2.5 × 1–2.5 mm , subequal, apex obtuse; petals pale yellow or creamish white, concave, suborbicular, obovate or broadly elliptic, 3–5.5 × 2–4.5 mm , subequal, apex rounded, margin irregularly dentate. Male flowers : stamens numerous united into 4 bundles surrounding a pistillode, bundles 1.3–2.8 × 0.6–2 mm ; filaments very short; anthers small; pistillode fungiform (mushroom-shaped), 2–3 mm long; rudimentary ovary slender, cylindrical, 0.5–1.5 mm long; sterile stigma pale yellow, sessile, convex, unlobed, 0.8–1.5 mm in diam., papillate. Female flowers : staminodes absent; pistil fungiform, 2.5–3 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous, 1–2 - locular; stigma convex, unlobed, 1.5–2 mm in diam., smooth. Fruits berries, ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid, 1.5–2.5 × 1–2 cm , green, smooth, glabrous, with persistent sepals; persistent stigma convex, unlobed, 2.5–4 mm in diam., smooth; fruiting stalks 2–5 mm long, glabrous. Seeds 1, ellipsoid, 1.5–2 × 1–1.2 cm , with a thin fleshy pulp. Figure 2. Garcinia thorelii A habit and stem B slashed bark with yellow latex C, D branchlets, leaves, and male inflorescences with male flower buds and open male flowers E interpetiolar stipuliform structure F branchlets and male inflorescences with male flower buds and early stage of open male flower G branchlets and male inflorescences with male flower bud and fully open male flowers showing 4 petals and numerous stamens united into 4 bundles surrounding a pistillode H branchlets, leaves, and fruit. Photos: Chatchai Ngernsaengsaruay ( A – G ), Yotsawate Sirichamorn ( H ). Figure 3. Types of Garcinia thorelii , C. Thorel 3365 from Paklai, Laos, Expedition Mekong 1866–1868 A lectotype designated here P [ P 04701082 !] B isolectotype P [ P 04701076 !]. Photos: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/p/p04701082 , http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/p/p04701076 . Distribution. Vietnam , Laos , and Thailand (Fig. 4 ). Figure 4. Distribution of Garcinia thorelii , known from Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. In Thailand, this species is known to be naturally distributed in the northern, the north-eastern, the eastern, and the south-western regions. Distribution in Thailand . Northern : Nan , Lamphun , Lampang , Phrae , Phitsanulok ; North-Eastern : Phetchabun , Loei , Bueng Kan , Nakhon Phanom ; Eastern : Chaiyaphum , Nakhon Ratchasima ; South-Western : Kanchanaburi , Phetchaburi (Fig. 4 ). Habitat and ecology. It is found in dry evergreen forests, lower montane rain forests, mixed deciduous forests, often along streams, sometimes on limestone hills, 50–1,300 m amsl. Phenology. Flowering and fruiting more than once, nearly throughout the year. Conservation status. Garcinia thorelii is distributed from Vietnam to Laos and Thailand . It is known from many localities and has a large EOO of 338,548.61 km 2 and a small AOO of 128 km 2 . In Thailand , this species is known to be naturally distributed in four floristic regions and 13 provinces and has an EOO of 145,632.54 km 2 and an AOO of 96 km 2 . Because of its number of localities and because it does not face any threat of extinction we therefore suggest the conservation status Least Concern ( LC ). Etymology. The specific epithet of Garcinia thorelii honors Clovis Thorel (1833–1911), a French physician, botanist, and plant collector ( Stafleu and Cowan 1986 ), who collected the type specimen of this species. Vernacular names. Kok (ก ๊ อก) (Phitsanulok, from the specimen A. F. G. Kerr 5816 ); Khrak khamin (ครากขม ิ ้ น), Ma da khi non (มะดะข ี ้ หนอน) (Northern); Mai khwak lueang (ไม ้ ขวากเหล ื อง) [Phrae, from the specimen Unknown s. n. ( BKF 40333)]; Khi non (ข ี ้ หนอน) ( Laos , from the specimen J. E. Vidal 5952 ). Uses. The wood is used for house construction [from the specimen Unknown s. n. ( BKF 40333)]. Lectotypifications. Garcinia thorelii was named by Pierre (1882 : t. 62), who cited the specimen Thorel 3365 collected from Laos , Paklai. He did not choose a holotype nor did he mention the name of the herbarium where the specimen was housed. However, we located five sheets of C. Thorel 3365 at P [ P 04701076 , P 04701080 , P 04701081 , P 04701082 , P 04701083 ] and one sheet at K [ K 000677688 ], and following Art. 9.6 of the ICN ( Turland et al. 2018 ), these are syntypes . The P [ P 04701082 ] specimen is the best preserved and is selected here as the lectotype , following Art. 9.3 and 9.12 of the ICN ( Turland et al. 2018 ). Notes. According to Jones 1980 , the shape and size of leaves of Garcinia thorelii are narrowly elliptic, ovate or obovate and 18–20 × 6–9 cm . However, from our observations, we found the shape and size of leaves of this species can be elliptic, narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate-obovate and sometimes smaller, 7.5–18 × 3–7.5 cm . According to Jones 1980 , male flowers of this species have numerous stamens united into an annular mass around and attached to a pistillode in a narrow ring halfway up. However, from our examinations, the stamens are united into 4 bundles surrounding a pistillode. In the early stage of open flowers, the stamen bundles are attached to a pistillode (not spreading), then spreading in the fully open flowers. According to Jones 1980 , the shape and size of fruits of this species is narrowly ellipsoid and c. 1.5 × 0.6 cm . From our examinations, we found the shape and size of fruits of this species are ellipsoid or broadly ellipsoid and larger, 1.5–2.5 × 1–2 cm . Additional specimens examined. Thailand . Northern • Nan [ Nam Haeng , young fr., 14 Jul 1926 , Winit 1751 ( BKF , K [ K 003964565 ])] • Lamphun [along the trail to Tat Moei Waterfall , Doi Khun Tan National Park , Mae Tha District , fl., 29 Jun 1993 (as Garcinia hanburyi ), J. F. Maxwell 93-728 ( BKF , CMUB , L [ L 2403744 , L 2403745 ]) • Doi Khun Tan National Park , fl., 29 Apr 1994 (as G. hanburyi ), J. F. Maxwell 94-562 ( BKF , CMUB )] • Lampang [ Mae Saloi , fl., 29 Oct 1925 , Winit 1492 ( BKF , K [ K 003964566 ]) • Chae Son National Park , Wang Nuea District , ♂ fl., 2 Jun 1996 (as G. hanburyi ), J. F. Maxwell 96-792 ( BKF , CMUB ) • ibid., sterile, 3 Jun 2014 (as G. hanburyi ), T. Riythiwigrom 1 ( CMUB )] • Phrae [Locality unspecified, fl., 1912, Luang Vanpruk 279 ( BKF , K [ K 003964569 ]) • Locality unspecified, fl., s. d., Luang Vanpruk 514 ( E [ E 00839797 ], K [ K 003964567 ]) • Huai Ta , Mae Song , fl., 28 May 1912 , Luang Vanpruk 303 ( BKF , K [ K 003964568 ]) • Long District , fl., 12 Mar 1930 , Winit 1909 ( BKF , K [ K 003964570 ]) • Thung Laeng Subdistrict , Long District , fr., 4 Feb 1963 ( Garcinia sp. ), Unknown s. n. ( BKF 40333 ) • Huai Rong Waterfall , fr., 19 Jun 1996 (as Garcinia sp. ), R. Pooma & P. Puudjaa 1400-1 ( BKF ) • Phitsanulok [ Nakhon Thai District , fl., 11 Apr 1922 , A. F. G. Kerr 5816 ( BM , E [ E 00839798 ], K [ K 003964572 ], P [ P 04701077 ]) • Huai Sai , fl., 18 Jun 1967 (as Garcinia sp. ), S. Phusomsaeng 241 ( BKF , K [ K 003964575 ], P [ P 05062032 ]) • Political and Military School , Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park , Nakhon Thai District , ♂ fl., 30 Sep 2007 , C. Ngernsaengsaruay G 56-30092007 ( BKF , spirit material)] • Province unspecified [ Pa Hia, near Pang Pue , fl., 28 Mar 1914 , A. F. G. Kerr 3174 ( BM , E [ E 00160901 ], K [ K 003964571 ])] ; North-Eastern • Phetchabun [ Khao Paya Paw , fr., 4 Mar 1931 , A. F. G. Kerr 20342 ( BKF , BM , C , E [ E 00160902 ], K ) • Nam Nao National Park , fr., 8 Apr 1976 ( Garcinia sp. ), Bunnak 3108 ( BKF ) • Wang Pong District , fr., 1 Feb 2001 , T. Wongprasert 012-3 ( BKF , L [ L 3811042 ]) • Huai Phrom Laeng , Nam Nao National Park , fl., 18 Jan 2003 (as Garcinia sp. ), P. Chantaranothai et al. 512003 ( AAU ) • along stream , Nam Nao National Park , fl., 28 May 2013 (as Garcinia sp. ), C. Maknoi 5589 ( QBG )] • Loei [ Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary , sterile, 17 May 1998 (as Garcinia sp. ), K. Chayamarit et al. 1480 ( BKF ) • Huai Baeng Forest Protection Station , Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary , Wang Saphung District , fr., 22 Jun 2003 , T. Wongprasert 036-47 ( BKF )] • Bueng Kan [ Bueng Khong Long , Kinnari Waterfall , Phu Langka National Park , fr., 20 May 2014 , S. Sirimongkol et al. 596 ( BKF , K [ K 003964580 ], L [ L 4367330 ])] • Nakhon Phanom [ Tat Kham Waterfall , Phu Langka National Park , fr., 30 Oct 1998 , T. Wongprasert s. n. ( BKF 120854 )] ; Eastern • Chaiyaphum [ Nam Phrom , fr., 10 Dec 1971 (as Garcinia sp. ), C. F. van Beusekom et al. 4085 ( BKF , C , K [ K 003964578 ], P [ P 05062035 ]) • Ban Nam Phrom , fr., 24 May 1974 (as Garcinia sp. ), R. Geesink et al. 6910 ( BKF , K [ K 003964574 ], L [ L 2409515 ]) • Phu Khiao , young fr., 3 Aug 1972 ( Garcinia sp. ), K. Larsen et al. 31312 ( BK , K [ K 003964576 ], L [ L 2409542 ]) • Phu Khiao Wildlife Sanctuary , fr., 8 Nov 1984 (as Garcinia sp. ), G. Murata T- 50251 ( BKF ) • ibid., fr., 3 May 1997 (as Garcinia sp. ), R. Pooma 1539 ( BKF , CMUB ) • Tabo – Huai Yai Wildlife Sanctuary , fr., 22 Aug 2019 (as Garcinia sp. ), N. Boonruang 0350 ( QBG )] • Nakhon Ratchasima [ Koa Lem , fl. & fr., 12 Jan 1925 , A. F. G. Kerr 9978 ( BM , E [ E 00839799 ], K [ K 003964573 ], P [ P 04701078 ]), 9979 ( BM , P [ P 04701079 ]) • Khao Yai National Park , fl. & fr., 9 Apr 1974 , T. Smitinand 12001 ( BKF )] ; South-Western • Kanchanaburi [ Erawan Waterfall , fl., 25 Jan 1962 (as Garcinia sp. ), K. Larsen & T. Smitinand 9271 ( BKF , C , K [ K 003964577 ]) • Sai Yok , fr., 26 Nov 1971 (as Garcinia sp. ), C. F. van Beusekom et al. 3987 ( BK , C , K [ K 003964579 ], P [ P 05062045 ]) • Vajiralongkorn Dam , Tha Khanun Subdistrict , Thong Pha Phum District , fl., 11 Jan 1985 (as Garcinia sp. ), H. Koyama T- 49019 ( BKF )] • Phetchaburi [ Mae Kradang La Waterfall , Kaeng Krachan National Park , Nong Ya Plong District , female fl. & fr., Feb 2024 , Y. Sirichamorn personal observation with photos] . Vietnam • Tonkin [prov. de Lauyson , fr., 19 Dec 1913 (as Garcinia sp. ), Unknown 29663 ( P [ P 04788166 ]) • Hoa-Binh , fr., 1 Nov 1929 (as G. bonii ), M. Brillet unreadable number ( P [ P 04899809 , P 04899810 ])] . Laos • Luang Phrabang [Locality unspecified, fl., 20 Mar 1932 (as Garcinia sp. ), Poilane 20452 ( P [ P 04899801 ])] • Sayaboury [ Mekong River , Na Konken Village , ♂ fl., 28 Apr 2012 , J. F. Maxwell 12-154 ( CMUB , L [ L 4345648 ])] • Vientiane [ Reservoir Nam Ngum , fr., 19 Oct 1974 ( Garcinia sp. ), J. E. Vidal 5952 ( P [ P 05061722 , P 05061726 ])] .