Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters Author Randle, Emma Author Sansom, Robert S. text Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2017 2016-07-20 15 7 583 599 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1208293 journal article 10.1080/14772019.2016.1208293 1478-0941 10883180 BF5255A1-1417-432B-AC64-BF132A0BCC65 Lampraspis carmani ( Denison, 1960 ) 1960 Pteraspis carmani Denison : 568, figs 124 — 141. 1984 Zascinaspis carmani (Denison) Blieck : 61. Diagnosis. As for ‘ Pteraspis’ carmani in Denison (1960) . Remarks. Phylogenetic analyses placed Zascinaspis heintzi and Z. carmani at different places in the tree ( Figs 4 — 6 ), indicating they do not belong within the same genus. Blieck (1984) assigned ‘ P.’ carmani to Zascinaspis due to similarities in the proportions of the rostral and dorsal plates and the orbito-pineal belt, as well as shared oral region arrangement. In our analysis, ‘ Z.’ carmani falls within the Protaspididae as sister taxon to Lampraspis (both recovered from western USA localities). Lampraspis carmani also shares with protaspids an ornamentation of undulating ridges and a branchial opening placed towards the posterior end of the dorsal plate, with reduced cornual plates.