Order Primates Author Wilson, Don E. Author Reeder, DeeAnn text 2005 The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1 111 184 book chapter 0-8018-8221-4 10.5281/zenodo.7316519 Callicebus Thomas 1903 Callicebus Thomas 1903 , Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 12: 456 . Type Species: Simia personatus É. Geoffroy 1812 Species and subspecies: 28 species in 2 subgenera: Subgenus Callicebus (Callicebus) Thomas 1903 Subgenus Callicebus (Torquatus) Goodman et al. 1998 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) baptista Lönnberg 1939 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) barbarabrownae Hershkovitz 1990 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) bernhardi van Roosmalen, van Roosmalen and Mittermeier 2002 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) brunneus (Wagner 1842) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) caligatus (Wagner 1842) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) cinerascens (Spix 1823) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) coimbrai Kobayashi and Langguth 1999 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) cupreus (Spix 1823) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) discolor (I. Geoffroy and Deville 1848) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) donacophilus (d'Orbigny 1836) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) dubius Hershkovitz 1988 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) hoffmannsi Thomas 1908 Species Callicebus (Torquatus) lucifer Thomas 1914 Species Callicebus (Torquatus) lugens (Humboldt 1811) Species Callicebus (Torquatus) medemi Hershkovitz 1963 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) melanochir (Wied-Neuwied 1820) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) modestus Lönnberg 1939 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) moloch (Hoffmannsegg 1807) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) nigrifrons (Spix 1823) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) oenanthe Thomas 1924 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) olallae Lönnberg 1939 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) ornatus (Gray 1866) Species Callicebus (Callicebus) pallescens Thomas 1907 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) personatus (E. Geoffroy 1812) Species Callicebus (Torquatus) purinus Thomas 1927 Species Callicebus (Torquatus) regulus Thomas 1927 Species Callicebus (Callicebus) stephennashi van Roosmalen, van Roosmalen and Mittermeier 2002 Species Callicebus (Torquatus) torquatus (Hoffmannsegg 1807) Discussion: Revised by Hershkovitz (1990 b ) and van Roosmalen et al. (2002) . Affinities among the species are disputed; the C. torquatus group is very distinct, and provisionally two subgenera may be recognized: Torquatus for the C. torquatus group, and Callicebus for the rest, following Goodman et al. (1998). Apart from the C. torquatus group (here, subgenus Torquatus ), van Roosmalen et al. (2002) divide the species into four species groups: the C. donacophilus , C cupreus , C. moloch and C. personatus groups.