The Hawaiian amphibious caterpillar guild: new species of Hyposmocoma (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae) confirm distinct aquatic invasions and complex speciation patterns Author Schmitz, Patrick Author Rubinoff, Daniel text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2011 2011-04-20 162 1 15 42 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x journal article 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00676.x 0024-4082 5440227 HYPOSMOCOMA KAMAKOU SCHMITZ & RUBINOFF SP. NOV. ( FIGS 1E , 9 , 11E ) Material examined: HOLOTYPE ♂ : [1] ‘H[ AWAI ]I: Molokai, Kamakou Pres[erve]. | stream at Kawela Gulch | ‘cone’ case, V-20-[20]04 | em[ergence]. VII-6- [20]04 | coll[ector]. D[aniel]. Rubinoff’; [2] ‘ HOLO- TYPE | Hyposmocoma | kamakou | Schmitz and Rubinoff’. Specimen in good condition except for broken antennae. Deposited in the UHIM . length of anterior apophyses, ostium-bearing process small and thin, and apical margin of sternum VII not emarginated. Larval case ( N = 60). Cone-shaped structure, 6.0– 9.0 mm in length, as H. kahamanoa . Etymology: The name H. kamakou is derived from the Kamakou Preserve on the island of Molokai managed by The Nature Conservancy. Biology: Adults were reared from amphibious casemaking larvae. Case-bearing larvae were collected during the day on rocks in streams on the island of Molokai in May. Distribution: Known only from the high elevation streams of The Nature Conservancy’s Kamakou preserve on the island of Molokai where it is presumed to be endemic. Figure 9. Male genitalia of Hyposmocoma kamakou sp. nov. from specimen on slide PS166. A, tegumen, ventral aspect; B, sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII, ventral aspect; C, valvae with phallus, ventral aspect. PARATYPES : 5 ♂ (one dissected PS 166), 3 ♀ (one dissected PS 167), from Molokai Island , Hawaii , USA , with same data as holotype. Deposited in BPBM , UHIM and USNM . Diagnosis: Hyposmocoma kamakou can be confused based on forewing pattern only with the somewhat similar H. wailua sp. nov. in the genus, but can be separated from the latter by the thin sclerotized ring and the short sclerotized hook on abdominal segment VII in males and by the thinner valvae, and the shape of sclerotized spur-like setae in male genitalia. Description: Male ( N = 6) ( Figs 1E , 9 ). Wingspan 6.8– 8.4 mm ( holotype : 7.6 mm ). As H. kahamanoa , except background colour of forewing off-white with light bluish tinge scales, and sclerotized hook long with pointed apex. Male genitalia ( N = 1) ( Fig. 9 ). As for H. kahamanoa , except for valvae with three rounded spurlike setae, the one in the middle being very thin on right valva and two of same length on left valva being three ¥ length of those on right valva. Female ( N = 3). Wingspan 8.3–10.4 mm . As H. kahamanoa , except background colour of forewing off-white with light bluish tinge scales. Female genitalia ( N = 1) ( Fig. 11E ). As for H. kahamanoa , except for posterior apophyses about 3.5 ¥ Remarks: This species may be found to have a broader distribution in the mountain streams of Molokai but the difficulty of gaining access to these streams limited our ability to assess thoroughly the range of H. kamakou . However, Liebherr (1997) found that carabid beetle diversity was unexpectedly high and complex in the mountains of Molokai, so additional species may be expected in aquatic Hyposmocoma as well. Although both species are inhabiting the streams of the island of Kauai, H. kamakou and H. wailua occur in allopatry.