World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher- Level Groups Author Buffington, Matthew L. Systematic EntomologyLaboratory, ARS-USDAc / oNational Museumof NaturalHistory, SmithsonianInstitution, 10 th & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20013, USA, matt.buffington@usda.gov Author Forshage, Mattias Department of Zoology, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, SE- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, Author Liljeblad, Johan Swedish Species Information Centre, PO Box 7007, SE- 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Author Tang, Chang-Ti Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, SEH, Suite 6300, 800 22 nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA, Author Noort, Simon van Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa, text Insect Systematics and Diversity 2020 2020-07-01 4 4 1 1 69 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003 journal article 10.1093/isd/ixaa003 2399-3421 Anacharitinae Figs. 233–236 The moderately diverse anacharitines are often among the more easily recognizable wasps within the cynipoids. They tend to be elongate, with a subtriangular head (in anterior view). In fact, the head is frequently the widest part of the animal (when viewed dorsally. The narrow petiole, so characteristic of the common Anacharis , in conjunction with a very short ovipositor, is hypothesized to be an adaptation for ‘quick strike’ oviposition into predatory Neuroptera (Buffington 2007) . The narrow petiole allows for maximum flexibility in directing the ovipositor tip; the short ovipositor requires the slightest insertion into the larval body to deposit an egg. Together, this allows the wasp to successfully oviposit before the host can mount a counter-attack. The limits of some genera are poorly circumscribed. Biology. Primary parasitoids of aphidophagous Hemerobiidae , and possibly Chrysopidae . Distribution. Main genera are widespread but mostly Holarctic, while the Neotropical region has several endemic genera and the Afrotropics one ( Acanthaegilopsis ). Anacharis is the most widespread with at least one species common in Australia . Relevant literature. The research group at the University of Barcelona (led by Juli Pujade-Villar) has been very active in this taxon. Ros-Farré et al. (2000) revised Acanthaegilips and characterized the aspicerines and anacharitines; Mata-Casanova et al. (2015a) revised Xyalaspis ; other species-level treatments of Aegilips (Mata- Casanova et al. 2017; Mata-Casanova et al. 2019 ) and Anacharis ( Mata-Casanova et al. 2015b ) ; Restrepo-Ortiz and Pujade-Villar (2010) provide a key to genera of the world. Van Noort et al. (2015) reviewed the Afrotropical species of the subfamily. Buffington et al. (2007, 2012) provided phylogenetic data on the group. Classification. Anacharitinae Thomson, 1862 Acanthaegilips Ashmead, 1897 ; 17 species NT