Revision of the Amazonian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae) Author Menezes, Isis Sá Author Ale-Rocha, Rosaly text Zootaxa 2016 4103 5 401 442 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.4103.5.1 115d177c-b34a-4062-b3d5-8f0ee0374e61 1175-5326 267788 4511286D-451E-4C2B-9CE3-5D7621E7DEDF Syneches curvipes (Fabricius) ( Figs 33–39 , 107 , 119 ) Damalis curvipes Fabricius, 1805 : 147 . Hybos curvipes : Wiedemann, 1828 : 415 . Damalis quadricinctus Fabricius, 1805 : 148 . syn. nov . Hybos quadricinctus : Wiedemann, 1828 : 415 . Syneches quadricinctus : Bezzi, 1909 : 314 (key); Smith, 1967 : 10 (catalog); Yang et al ., 2007: 313 (catalog). Syneches curvipes : Bezzi, 1909 : 314 (key); Collin, 1933 : 28 (citation); Smith, 1962 : 212 (citation); 1967: 9 (catalog); Yang et al ., 2007: 307 (catalog). Diagnosis . Large, pale brown to yellow. Antenna dark brown, postpedicel ovate; proboscis light brown; palpus light brown with two long ventral setae. Scutum rounded, light brown to yellow; pleura yellow to dark yellow; prosternun wide. Abdomen brown to dark brown, lighter towards base. Legs light brown except fore and hind tibiae and tarsomere 5 brown, hind tarsomere 1–4 dark yellow; fore and mid femora somewhat enlarged and hind femur strongly enlarged; hind tibia swollen apically. Wing hyaline; pterostigma elongate, brown basally and fading distally, becoming almost hyaline towards apex. Re-description . Lectotype ♂ ( present designation ). Body: 7.0 mm. Wing: 6.2 mm . Head . Ocellar triangle protuberant, with gray pruinescence. Face dark brown, with dense gray pruinescence. Antenna dark brown with short brown setulae; pedicel with brown marginal setae, elongate, reaching half-length of postpedicel; postpedicel small, as long as length of scape and pedicel combined, ovate, 1.8 times longer than wide, with dorsal medial seta, equal in length to postpedicel; stylus about four times length of antenna, with short setulae, bare on distal 1/5. Postcranium with postocular setae short and straight on upper portion and larger and proclinate on lower 2/3; postgenal setae yellow. Proboscis light brown; palpus light brown with short brown setulae, elongate, 1/3 of proboscis length, with 2 long ventral setae, one apical and another sub-basal seta short, on dorsal and external surfaces. Thorax . Prosternum large. Pronotum with short, slender and golden marginal setae. Scutum high, same height as mesopleuron and rounded on dorsum; light brown to yellow with dense and whitish golden pruinescence; setae brown, short, sparse, longer on prescutellar disc; 8 acrostichal series and 1 dorsocentral. Pleura yellow. Chaetotaxy: 1dc long and robust on prescutellar disc; 2 npl long and strong, widely separated; 2 pal, anterior short and weak, posterior long and robust; scutellum with 1 long, robust and parallel subapical pair, 1 weak apical pair about 1/3 length of subapical pair, convergent, crossing at apex, and four weak lateral setae as long as apical pair. Legs . Robust, long, light brown except fore and hind tibiae and tarsomere 5 brown, hind tarsomere 1–4 dark yellow; covering light brown setae. Fore and mid femora somewhat enlarged and hind femur strongly enlarged; hind tibia swollen apically. Fore tibia with AD and PV rows of long setae. Fore tarsomere 1 with 1 AD and 1 PD preapical seta and row of long setae on posterior surface. Mid femur with row of AV and PV setae longer on basal half. Mid tibia with 1 sub-basal AD seta equal in length to tarsomere 1; 1 preapical AD; 3 PD setae, one preapical, one median and one sub-basal; PV row of long setae, apical seta stronger; row of AV setae on apical 2/3; P, PV and V apical setae slightly more robust and longer. Mid tarsomere 1 with PD and AD preapical setae and P row of strong setae. Hind femur with AV row of spine-like setae inserted in small tubercles; small and spine-like V setae more robust on apical 1/3 and inserted in large tubercles; 4 AD setae; 2 D setae, one preapical and one beyond middle; 3 PV setae on apical 1/3. Hind tibia with 2 D setae, one median and one prepical; 1 apical A and 1 apical AV. Hind tarsomere 1 with D row of long setae and AV row of robust setae. Wing ( Fig. 107 ). Hyaline; pterostigma elongate, brown basally and fading distally, becoming almost hyaline towards apex; veins light brown. Abdomen . About 2.5 times length of thorax. Brown with tergite 1 and lateral of tergites 2, 3 and 4 light brown; pruinescence golden. Dorsal covering setae short, golden to brown; sternites and lateral setae of tergites long, yellow and abundant, gradually shorter towards apex of abdomen; some longer and stronger setae at apex of lateral margin of tergites 2, 3 and 4. Tergite 8 short, 1.6 times wider than long, with several long and strong setae ( Fig. 36 ); sternite 8 trapezoidal with some elongate setae ( Fig. 37 ). Terminalia ( Figs 33–35 ): long and robust; hypandrium three times longer than wide, apex deeply cleft medially forming two long and slender lobes with several apical setae; epandrial lamella large in lateral view, with short distal setae; phallus robust with triangular apex, sclerotized and long lateral protuberance and crenate preapical lateral margin; postgonite wide, longer than the phallus. Female . Similar to male, except as follow: buccal pieces brown and fore and hind tibiae darker than in male. Terminalia ( Figs 38, 39 ): tergite and sternite 8 long and narrow, two to three times longer than wide with strong apical medium sized setae; cercus slender and long, as long as tergite 10, with short setae. FIGURES 33–39 . Syneches curvipes (Fabricius, 1805) . Male terminalia: 33 , epandrium, cerci and hypoproct (dorsal view); 34 , hypandrium, posgonite and phallus (ventral view); 35 , right epandrial lamella (lateral view); 36 , tergite 8; 37 , sternite 8. Female terminalia: 38 , ventral view; 39 , dorsal view. Scale = 0.2mm. Type material examined . Damalis curvipes : two specimens with a small red label of “ typus ” were examined; the male specimen is herein designated as LECTOTYPE ( BMNH ): Damalis curvipes , Am [erica] Mer[idional], Schmidt [White label]; Typus [red label]. PARALECTOTYPE ( BMNH ) (sex not determined, specimen lacking apex of abdomen), same data as lectotype . Lectotype condition: femur, tibia and mid and hind tarsus lost. A lectotype is designated in order to fix the identity of the species. Damalis quadricinctus : HOLOTYPE ♀ ( BMNH ): Damalis 4cinctus (sic), Am[erica] Mer[idional], Schmidt"[White label]; Typus [red label]. Condition of type : right antenna lost; abdomen dissected, terminalia lost. Additional material examined . BRASIL . Amazonas , Querari (Pelotão), 1°5′N- 69°51′W , 6.iv.–16.v.1993 , J. Vidal (3 ♀, INPA ); idem, Serrado, 5.iv.–21.v.1995 ( 1 ♂ , INPA ); Tefé, 15.vii.1991 , Rafael e Vidal, Varredura (1 ♀, INPA ); Rio Nhamundá, Ig[arapé] Areias 01°35′11″ S 57°37′ 32″W, 25 m , 17–20.v.2008 , J.A. Rafael e equipe, Malaise (1 ♀, INPA ); Manaus, PDBFF /WWF, Proj[eto], Bert Klein, iii.1985 , Malaise, Reserva 1112 ( 1 ♂ , INPA ); Reserva F[lorestal] AdolphoDucke, 19.vi.1970 , T. Pimentel col. (1 ♀, MPEG ); idem, 16–17.iii.1993 , Varreduraorla mata, J. Vidal (2 ♀, INPA ); idem, 7.xi.2001 , Pennsylvania, BLB, J. Vidal (1 ♀, INPA ); idem, Platô trilha Norte/Sul, 16–30.x.2006 , Arm[adilha] Suspensa, [septo] amarelo, Dossel, Freitas, G. &Freitas Silva, R. A. cols. (1 ♀, INPA ); Platô Trilha leste/oeste, 14.ii.–6.iii.2007 , Arm[adilha] Malaise com atrativo da cor amarela, Feitosa, M. & Freitas, G. cols. (1 ♀, INPA ); AM-010, KM 54, BI-2, 02º45′33″ S 59º51′ 03″W, Suspensa clareira baixa, 3– 12.iii.1998 , J. Vidal (1 ♀, INPA ); 1 km W Tarumã Falls, 2.iii. 1981 , 100 m, C. Young (1 ♀, MPEG ); Pará , S[ão] M[iguel] do Guamá , 20.ii.1987 , P. Tadeu (1 ♀, MPEG ); Peixe-boi, 14.iv.1977 , M. F. Torres (1 ♀, MPEG ); Belterra, Flona Tapajós, 100 m , 02º36′15″ S 54º56′ 35″W, 15–16.iv.2008 , arm[adilha] luz, J.A. Rafael, F.F. Xavier Filho (1 ♀, INPA ). GUYANA . Bartica [District], Feb[ruary], S[outh] Am[erica], A.L. Melander Collection, 1961 ( 1 ♂ , 3 ♀, USNM ); Kartabo, Bartica District British Guiana , 19.iii.1922 , C.H. Curran Collection Acc.31144 ( 1 ♂ , INPA ); Mazaruni-Potaro district, Takutu Mountains, 6°15′N 59°5′W , 6.xii.1983 , Malaise trap near stream in montane rainforest, W.E. Steiner & P.J. Spangler colls. (1 ♀, USNM ). Geographical distribution . Brazil * (Amazonas, Pará), Guyana ( Fig. 119 ). Observations . The description of the setae of the palpus, scutellum and legs was completed after analyzing others specimens that had been compared with the type . Comments . The examination of several specimens revealed that the coloration of this species varies as follows: general coloration darker with brown scutum, a dark brown acrostichal stripe and a dorsocentral stripe of whitish golden pruinescence; dark yellow pleura with reddish anepisternum; abdomen dark brown; fore tibia and hind tarsomeres darker, hind femur darkened basally; wing darker and veins brown. In some specimens the postpedicel presented more than one dorsal seta; 2 dc setae slightly larger than the others on prescutellar disc; scutellun with 2 apical pairs, 9–12 lateral setae of different sizes and some more slender. This species is similar to S. walkeri in the wide prosternum, large size and hind femur strongly enlarged, but differs from the latter by the pterostigma elongated, brown at base and fading distally, becoming almost hyaline towards the apex, and by the features of the male terminalia. Examination of the holotype of S. quadricinctus revealed that it is a female specimen of S. curvipes . As commented above, S. curvipes has very variable color, from dark yellow to brown, and S. quadricinctus fits with these variants. Although the terminalia of the holotype of S. quadricinctus is lost, the similarity between the general characters of the body associated with the female of S. curvipes supports the decision to synonymize both species.