An unusual new species of Pentaneura Philippi (Diptera: Chironomidae) from northeastern Brazil, with an emended diagnosis to the genus Author Dantas, Galileu P. S. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade (CoBio), Divisão de Curso em Entomologia (DiEnt), Caixa Postal 478, 69067 - 375, Manaus, AM, Brazil Author Pinheiro, Marcos P. G. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil mpgpinheiro @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8465 - 6570 Author Hamada, Neusa Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade (CoBio), Divisão de Curso em Entomologia (DiEnt), Caixa Postal 478, 69067 - 375, Manaus, AM, Brazil & neusaha @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3526 - 5426 text Zootaxa 2020 2020-05-29 4786 1 81 92 journal article 21785 10.11646/zootaxa.4786.1.6 3ad91afc-d278-46b7-acf3-2df2f9f71f1d 1175-5326 3865007 EE141AE8-282F-4035-B332-7F3D6E352EC3 Genus: Pentaneura Philippi, 1866 Emended diagnosis. The following additions to the generic diagnose reviewed by Silva & Ferrington (2018) are presented: Adult: scutellum with 6–18 setae; spur of front tibia with 4–8 teeth. Pupa: at least one species with both tergites and sternites with wide field of shagreen. Larva: at least one species with S7 multi-branched and S9 bifid.