Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson’s Rhodopsalta microdora Author Bator, John Author Marshall, David C Author Hill, Kathy B R Author Cooley, John R Author Leston, Adam Author Simon, Chris text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2022 2022-08-01 195 4 1219 1244 https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/195/4/1219/6365998 journal article 121332 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab065 812a47cb-8654-4d5e-90af-fac9fe237911 0024-4082 6985713 Rhodopsalta microdora This species comprises three main clades. The southern SI clade is composed of specimens from North Canterbury (NC), Mid Canterbury (MC), South Canterbury (SC), Mackenzie region (MK) and Central Otago (CO). It is sister to an eastern clade made up of a Kaikoura group (SI) + mixed SI/NI clade composed of specimens from Marlborough (MB) (SI) and Rangitikei, Taupo and Hawkes Bay (NI) districts ( Figs 4 , 5A ). GENETIC DISTANCES Corrected (patristic) and uncorrected genetic distances from the cox1 locus are presented in the Supporting Information (Table S4). Average uncorrected distances between the three species groups are as follows: Rhodopsalta cruentata – R. leptomera , 0.031; R. cruentata – R. microdora , 0.047; and R. microdora – R. leptomera , 0.047. Average uncorrected intraspecific distances were near zero among populations of eastern NI R. leptomera and largest among populations of SI R. microdora (≤ 0.040). As a whole, R. microdora had the greatest intraspecific average distance (0.019) and R. leptomera the least (0.003) (Supporting Information, Table S5). MOLECULAR CLOCK DATING The *BEAST multispecies coalescent analysis estimated that Rhodopsalta diverged from its sister genera, Maoricicada and Kikihia , between ~5 and 20 Mya (mean 11.6 Mya; see interspecific divergence dates plotted in Fig. 4 ). The wide confidence interval reflects the uncertainty encoded in the cox1 molecular clock prior. The earliest split in the Rhodopsalta clade is the split between R. microdora and the ancestor of R. cruentata and R. leptomera , with a mean estimate of 5.5 Mya ( Fig. 4 ). Rhodopsalta leptomera diverged from R. cruentata between 0.8 and 3.6 Mya (mean 2.0 Mya). Although *BEAST cannot be used to estimate dates within assumed populations (species), we present the dated mtDNA gene tree from this analysis ( Fig.7 ), which can be used to obtain approximate divergence times for geographically coherent intraspecific clades that might correspond to diverging, isolated populations (keeping in mind that this violates the *BEAST model assumptions, as discussed later in this paper). Note that mtDNA clade divergence dates necessarily overestimate any corresponding population splits to an unknown degree, which adds to the uncertainty ( Edwards & Beerli, 2000 ). The three deepest cox1 subclades within R. microdora diverged during the Pliocene to early Pleistocene ( Fig. 7 ). The mean estimated divergence date for the split of the central-eastern SI clade from the ancestor of the Kaikoura and Hawkes Bay clades is 2.8 Mya, and the mean estimated date for the Kaikoura/ Hawkes Bay split is 2 Mya, about the time R. leptomera split from R. cruentata . North Island R. cruentata split from SI R. cruentata between 0.5 and 2.5 Mya (mean 0.9 Mya). These date estimates involve additional uncertainty, which is not reflected in the wide confidence intervals, owing to choice of priors and potential violations of model assumptions (see Discussion).