Systematics of Berberis sect. Wallichianae (Berberidaceae) of Taiwan and Luzon with description of three new species, B. schaaliae, B. ravenii, and B. pengii Author Yu, Chih-Chieh Author Chung, Kuo-Fang Author for correspondence; e-mail: kuofangchung @ ntu. edu. tw text Phytotaxa 2014 2014-10-31 184 2 61 99 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.184.2.1 journal article 10.11646/phytotaxa.184.2.1 1179-3163 5146508 5. Berberis kawakamii Hayata (1911a: 24–25) . Type :— TAIWAN . Monte Morrison , ad 9000 ped. alt., Oct 1906 , T. Kawakami 1941 ( holotype TI-02622!) ( Fig. 11A–C ). Heterotypic synonyms:— Berberis formosana Ahrendt (1941: 24) . Type:— TAIWAN . Prov. Kagi, Arisan, 25 October 1918 , Wilson 10910 ” ( holotype BM-001015554!, isotypes A-00038750!, K-000644915!, US-00956032, n.v. , image seen); B. kawakamii var. formosana (Ahrendt) Ahrendt (1961: 65) . FIGURE 10. Berberis hayatana Mizush. (A–C) and B. mingetsensis Hayata (D–H). A. Flowering branch, showing the dull upper surface of leaves. B. Flowers, front view. C. Fruits. D. Leaves, waxy-shining adaxially. E. Leaves, pruinose abaxially. F. A solitary flower and a highly reduced umbel with two flowers, showing the long pedicels and bracts. G. Flower, front view. H. Berry. A, B: Lalashan; C: Tamenshan; D–H: Mienyueh. A, B, D–G: courtesy of Chi-Kai Yang. Evergreen shrub or small tree-like shrub 0.5–3 m tall. Mature stems greyish or brownish-yellow, inconspicuously verruculose. Spines 3-fid, concolorous, 0.8–2.7 cm . Leaves subsessile; leaf blade elliptic, elliptic-obovate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, abaxially pale green, adaxially green; 2.9–7.2 ×0.8–2.0 cm, leathery; midvein abaxially raised and adaxially impressed, lateral veins slightly raised, the secondary veins pinnate, jointly looped; base cuniform or attenuate, margins remotely spinose with spinules of 5–15 with 2.5–6.0 mm apart on each side, apex acuminate. Inflorescence a dense, congested fascicle of 6–12 flowers. Bracts absent. Pedicel red, 0.3–1.2 cm . Bracteoles absent. Flowers yellow. Sepals in 3 whorls, outer sepals yellow with reddish-tinged narrowly-triangular or rarely linear 3–6 × 1 mm , middle sepals yellow triangularly-oblong 5 × 2 mm , inner sepals yellow narrowly obovate 5.5 × 2.5 mm . Petals narrowly-oblong 5 × 1.5 mm , base clawed with a pair of ovoid nectaries very close to each other, apex incised with obtuse lobes. Stamens pale yellow ca. 3 mm , anther connective of stamen distinct, apex truncate. Pistil 4 mm long usually with reddish-tinged. Ovules 2 or 3. Berries black, ellipsoid ca. 5 × 3.5 mm , sometimes slightly pruinose, stylose ca. 0.5–1 mm . Distinguishing features: The combination of triangular-oblong outer sepals and a densely fascicled inflorescence makes this an easily distinguished species ( Fig. 1L & 11B ). Early literatures often allied B. kawakamii with the Filipino B. barandana ( Hayata 1908 , Kawakami 1910 , 1911 ), such as those by Merrill (1923) who stated that “ I failed to find any reason for distinguishing the Formosan B. kawakamii Hayata . ” However, these two species can easily be differentiated by the shape of outer sepals and as noted above molecular analysis places them in different clades ( Fig. 5 ). Phenology: — Flowering March–May, August; Fruiting January, April–July, August–December. Distribution & habitat: — Berberis kawakamii is very well represented in herbaria of Taiwan and is undoubtedly the commonest species of sect. Wallichianae in Taiwan , occurring throughout all major mountain systems north of Beinanchushan from 1600 to 3100 m ( Fig. 6A & D ). Across its wide distributional ranges, B. kawakamii is found in various habitats, ranging from subalpine and alpine meadows, montane coniferous forests, to coniferous and broad-leaved mixed cloud forests and exhibits substantial local morphological variation in both height and leaf shapes and size. Chinese name: fi灣小ª Proposed IUCN conservation status: —Nearly Threatened. Berberis kawakamii is common throughout major high mountains of Taiwan , usually growing into large colonies. However, the high mountain ecosystem of Taiwan is potentially threatened by the effect of global climate change, we therefore propose a provisional IUCN category of NT for the species ( IUCN 2012 ). Notes: Berberis kawakamii var. formosana (Ahrendt) Ahrendt was first synonymized under B. kawakamii Hayata by Li (1963) , a treatment that is confirmed by our multivariate statistical analyses. The name ‘ Berberis miyabei Kawakami’ in sched. was discovered on a specimen of B. kawakamii with the label ‘ T. Kawakami s.n. (1907) & U. Mori s.n. (1907)’ in the Herbarium of the University of Tokyo (TI). Accompanied with the specimen, there is also a typed description of B. miyabei Kawakami in sched. by Takiya Kawakami, to who B. kawakamii was attributed to. Additional specimens examined: — TAIWAN . Yilan : Nanhu River , 2800–3000 m , 13 May 1989 , Leu 24993 (TAIF); Szuyuanyakou, 1600 m , 5 April 2008 , Lu 15630 (HAST); Wulanshan, 2400 m , 12 August 2008 , Yu 117 (TAIF) . Hsinchu : Chiuchiushanchuang (“99 Lodge ”), 2694 m , 6 September 1993 , Huang 45 (HAST); Kelayehshan , 3000 m , 6 April 2008 , Yu 50 (TAI) . Miaoli : Leshan-Kuanwu , 2000–2300 m , 24 July 1987 , Wang & Yang 4685 (TAI) . Taichung : Anmashan , 2200 m , 22 April 2004 , Wang 7290 (TNM); Chica Lodge to 369 Lodge, 2900 m , 12 November 12 1989, Her 14 (TNM), Chika Lodge, 2600 m , 18 August 2008 , Yu 99 (TAI); Taoshan, 3300 m , October 1981 , Ou s.n. (TNM); en route from Wuling Lodge to Taoshan, 2600 m , August 1988 , Peng 12018 (HAST); Tienchih-Nengkaopeifeng, 3100 m , 16 June 1996 , Chiu 3433 (HAST); along trail from Tienluanchih to Hohuanpeifeng, 2950 m , May 2002 , Huang 1089 (HAST) . Nantou : Chichia Lake , 2800–2900 m , 3 September 1998 , Chen 321 (TAI); Pass Nengkao, 14 August 1955 , Hsii 19 (TAI); Hohuanshan, 26 April 1985 , Lu 15953 (TAIF); roadside, Pilushan, 2600–2900 m , 25 July 1990 , Lin & Lin s.n. (TNM); Kuankao-Chunyangchinkuang, 2500–2900 m , 8 July 1993 , Yang 5287 (TAI); Chuntashan, 3175 m , 8 March 1999 , Liou 1147 (TAIF); Chilaishan shelter, 2700–3000 m , 30 April 2004 , Chung 1013 (TAI); Puli, 18 March 2009 , Yang 6203 (TNM); Hsiluantashan, 2850 m , 11 April 2009 , Yu 399 (TAI) . Chiayi : Alishan-Chushan , 2300 m , 22 March 1985 , Huang 2584 (TAI); Tatashan, 2400–2663 m , 23 September 2000 , Kuo 98 (HAST); Tatakaanpu- Yushanchienfu, 3100 m , 11 November 1990 , Wu & Lai s.n . (TNM); Yushan, 3300 m , 13 April 1996 , Yang 4684 (TAIF) . Kaohsiung : trail to Takuanshan , 2690 m , 20 May 1992 , Wang 1074 (HAST); on the way from Chinching Bridge to a campsite by the trail to Kuanshan, 2500–2700 m , 17 May 1995 , Wang 1122 (HAST); Kuanshanlingshan, 2900–3175 m , 12 August 2002 , Lee 244 (TAIF); Shunyunshan, 2500 m , 31 March 2003 , Lu 5727 (TAIF); Kuanshan, 3050 m , 2 February 2008 , Yu 9 (TAI) . Taitung : South Cross Highway , 2600 m , 30 March 1996 , Lu 25003 (TAIF) . Hualien : Yuanfeng adjacent to Prov. Rd. 14, 2700–2800 m , 28 March 1994 , Chen 469 (HAST); near Liwuchushan, 3000 m , 21 November 2004 , Yang 804 (TNM); Yangtoushan, 2900 m , 12 October 2008 , Yu 158 (TAI); Chukushan, 2200 m , 27 January 2012 , Yu 693 (TAI) .