The Caucasus as a major hotspot of biodiversity: Evidence from the millipede family Anthroleucosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida) Author Antić, Dragan Ž. Author Makarov, Slobodan E. text Zootaxa 2016 4211 1 1 205 journal article 37322 10.11646/zootaxa.4211.1.1 7af458af-d56d-44e3-a6f7-af97868175d9 1175-5326 272750 6B86C6BA-6AFE-4AAD-870D-04794C138D47 Brachychaetosoma turbanovi gen. et sp. nov. Figs 15–17 Diagnosis. As for the genus. Etymology. The new species is named after Ilya Turbanov, a member of the “Zelenye Kamneyedy” Speleological Club, Sevastopol, Crimea, the collector. FIGURE 14. Alpinella waltheri gen. et sp. nov. , holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; ap = acuminate process; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ip = lateral inner process; ls = lamellar structure; op = lateral outer process; rs = row of setae; s1 = anterior medial part; s2 = posterior medial part; mip = denticulate mesal egde of ip ; mhp = mesal hairy process; slv = simple lever; stp = subtriangular projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm. Material studied (total: 1 male , 1 female ). Holotype . ABKHAZIA : male, Ochamchire District , near Otap , Cave Marshania , 12 Sep. 2014 , I. S. Turbanov leg. ( ZMUM ρ3227). Paratype (total: 1 female). ABKHAZIA : 1 female , same data as holotype ( ZMUM ρ3228). Type locality. ABKHAZIA : Ochamchire District , near Otap , Cave Marshania. Description. Body with 30 segments (including telson) in adults. MEASUREMENTS. Holotype male 15.5 mm long, vertical diameter of the largest pleurotergite 1.3 mm . Paratype female 14.5 mm long, vertical diameter of the largest pleurotergite 1.3 mm . COLORATION ( Fig. 15 ). Uniformly greyish to yellowish white. FIGURE 15. Brachychaetosoma turbanovi gen. et sp. nov. , paratype female. A. Habitus. B. Pleurotergites with short macrochaetae. Scale lines = 1 mm. FIGURE 16. Brachychaetosoma turbanovi gen. et sp. nov. , holotype male. A. Leg 3. B. Leg 4. C. Leg 7. D. Leg 10. Scale lines = 0.4 mm. FIGURE 17. Brachychaetosoma turbanovi gen. et sp. nov. , holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. a = apex of the shield; c = coxite; t = telopodite; bp = bifurcated process; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; l1 = longitudinal lamella; l2 = shorter lamella; rs = row of setae; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm. HEAD. Frons slightly concave in male. Labrum with three medial teeth and 4+4 labral and 2+2 supralabral setae. Promentum triangular, without setae. Lingual plates with 7+7 setae, on each plate arranged in two irregular rows. Stipites with ca 27+27 setae. Antennae 2.4 mm long in holotype . Length of antennomeres (in mm): I (0.1), II (0.27), III (0.63), IV (0.32), V (0.63), VI (0.23), VII (0.2) and VIII (0.02). Length/breadth ratios of antennomeres I– VII: I (1), II (1.7), III (5.2), IV (2.3), V (4.2), VI (1.5) and VII (2). Antennomeres II, IV, V, VI and VII with one, three, one, four and one sensillum, respectively. Number of ocelli 6, arranged in 2–3 irregular rows in holotype ; 5– 6 in 3 rows in paratype female. COLLUM. Narrower than head, with six macrochaetae. Anterior edge semi-circular, posterior margin gently concave. BODY SEGMENTS ( Fig. 15 ). Lateral keels like lateral swellings. Macrochaetae very short and blunt. CIX (pleurotergite 15) ~ 0.7; MIX (pleurotergite 15) ~ 0.5; PIX (pleurotergite 15) ~ 0.5; MA (pleurotergite 15) ~ 150˚. TELSON. Epiproct with a pair of spinnerets and 3+3 setae (1+1 paramedian, 2+2 marginal). Hypoproct with 1+1 apical setae. Paraprocts with 3+3 marginal setae. WALKING LEGS. In both sexes, leg-pairs 1 and 2 with tarsal combs; prefemora with several long and robust setae; femora and postfemora with a group of several long and robust setae. MALE SEXUAL CHARACTERS ( Fig. 16 ). Leg-pairs 3–7 enlarged, leg-pairs 3, 4 and 7 especially so. Leg-pairs 3 and 4 each with a basal exterior protrusion on prefemur; all podomeres enlarged, femora especially so. Leg-pair 5 with a basal oral protrusion on prefemur. Leg-pair 6 without peculiarities. Leg-pair 7 with an unusual posterior coxal process, this being wide and rounded, at base with nipples on posterior side, then acuminate; prefemora with two well-developed horns, one apical, the other basal, placed opposite to each other, basal one curved dorsad, apical one curved ventrad and showing nipples. Leg-pair 10 with coxal glands and with two coxal processes, mesal process with nipples, lateral one acuminate, subtriangular. Leg-pair 11 with coxal glands, without other peculiarities. ANTERIOR GONOPODS ( Fig. 17 A–C). Sternal plate ( sp ) with a well-developed, medial, hairy sternal sac ( ss ) with a hairless and concave cental part. Coxal processes ( ap ) wide, shield-like, distal half with U-shaped rift, basal half fused. A medial, unpaired, distally bifurcated process ( bp ) placed anteriorly and fused basally to shields is the most characteristic structure of the anterior gonopods Both shields and medial bifurcated process orientated posteriorly. Posterior side characterized by longitudinal lamellae ( l1 ) starting from apices of shields ( a ). Apicall third of lamellae narrowing, with small nipples and denticulate edges, remaining parts of lamellae wider with denticulate edges. One more, shorter lamella ( l2 ) starting with a densely denticulate upper part and placed under apical, nippled part of longitudinal lamellae. Mesal egdes of shields folded inside and forming a pair of lamellar posterior projections ( ppr ) on posterior side, clothed with small setules. A row of long setae ( rs ) can be observed on posterior side between these lamellar projections and the wider part of longitudinal lamella. POSTERIOR GONOPODS ( Fig. 17 D). Coxites ( c ) divided. Telopodites ( t ) two-segmented, with few short setae present on posterolateral side. Coxal processes ( cp ) simple, rounded apically, curved posteriorly. Coxal vesicles ( cv ) present on anteromesal side. Notes. This species is known only from a cave and shows some troglomorphic features such as reduced pigmentation and number of ocelli.