Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae) Author Duellman, William E. Author Marion, Angela B. Author Hedges, Blair text Zootaxa 2016 4104 1 1 109 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.4104.1.1 9b3e7716-1099-48ca-803b-620c25d788f1 1175-5326 265809 D598E724-C9E4-4BBA-B25D-511300A47B1D Hylidae : Cophomantinae Shortly after the origin of the clade herein referred to as cophomantines, an ancestral stock inhabited the earlyuplifted western part of the continent (the proto Andes). This clade representing current Colomascirtus , Hyloscirtus , and Myersiohyla diverged (crown node) in the mid-Eocene 47.5 (38.0–57.0) Mya. These frogs inhabited streams, and their tadpoles developed large suctorial mouths with many rows of labial teeth as they dispersed through the ever-rising Andes. An early divergence (the crown node) in northern South America restricted Myersiella to the Guiana Highlands, whereas in the Andes in the early Oligocene Colomascirtus differentiated from Hyloscirtus 33.3 (29.3–37.3) Mya. Coloma et al. (2012) estimated the minimum divergence time of these events as 61.2 and 40.9 Mya, respectively. The latter inhabited low to moderate elevations, whereas Colomascirtus came to inhabit streams at higher elevations. The other major clade within Cophomantinae subsequently diverged into two lineages in the late Eocene, 36.8 (32.8–40.8) Mya. One clade consisted solely of Bokermannohyla , which inhabited the mountains of southeastern Brazil and developed stream-adapted tadpoles. In the other clade, a lowland lineage, Hypsiboas , differentiated from a highland group, Aplastodiscus with stream-adapted tadpoles, in the late Eocene, 34.2 (30.9–37.5) Mya. The earliest divergence within Hypsiboas occurred in the mid-Oligocene 31.9 (28.4–35.5) Mya when a large group of species ( H . benitezi – H. sibleszi ) occupied northeastern South America including the Guiana Highlands. Differentiation of most clades of Hypsiboas occurred in the Miocene. For example, the long-legged tree frogs of the Hypsiboas albopunctatus Group differentiated about 17.4 (14.0–20.8) Mya in the Amazon Basin and dispersed into coastal Brazil . Likewise, the ancestral large, arboreal frogs in Hypsiboas albomarginatus Group diverged about 19.2 (15.4–22.9) Mya. Other species groups are more recent. For example, the clade of Andean species in the Hypsiboas balzani Group differentiated in the Pliocene about 5.0 (13.8–6.1) Mya. Similarly, the Pliocene was the time of divergence of the ancestral stock of the Hypsiboas pulchellus Group, 5.7 (4.8–6.5) Mya that came to inhabit subtropical highlands from Bolivia to southern Brazil .