Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Chironomidae, Diptera): new species from the western Amazon region in Peru and Brazil, new records from the Neotropics, and remarks on the taxonomy of the genus Author Dantas, Galileu P. S. 0000-0002-9155-533X Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade (CoBio), Divisão de Curso em Entomologia (DiEnt); Av. André Araújo, 2936, 69067 - 375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. & galileu. psd @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9155 - 533 X galileu.psd@gmail.com Author Hamada, Neusa 0000-0002-3526-5426 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade (CoBio), Divisão de Curso em Entomologia (DiEnt); Av. André Araújo, 2936, 69067 - 375, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. & nhamada @ inpa. gov. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3526 - 5426 nhamada@inpa.gov.br Author Giłka, Wojciech 0000-0002-8403-5432 University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Biology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Systematic Zoology; Wita Stwosza 59, 80 - 308 Gdańsk, Poland. wojciech. gilka @ ug. edu. pl; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8403 - 5432 wojciech.gilka@ug.edu.pl text Zootaxa 2023 2023-04-24 5271 1 115 139 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.4 journal article 255197 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.4 a18e1635-652e-4a9f-9c01-145260e7de24 1175-5326 7864357 82D6F656-55DD-4DEB-84D8-BBB888E7B22E Tanytarsus aries sp. nov. https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 19965FA3-4F73-4F16-BAAC-9EC8C72608EA ( Fig. 2 A–I ) Type material. Holotype ♁, PERU , Cusco , Quincemil , Araza river tributary, 13º20′10′′S , 70º50′57′′W , 874 m a.s.l. , 23–31.viii.2012 , Malaise trap , J.A. Rafael , R . R . Cavichioli, D.M . Takiya ( MUSM ) . Paratypes : 5 ♁♁ (2 MUSM , 3 INPA ), same data as holotype . Derivatio nominis . From Latin, in reference to the hypopygial anal point, in the lateral aspect resembling a horned head of a male sheep/ram ( Fig. 2D ). Noun in apposition. Diagnosis. AR ≤ 0.30. Tergite IX with microtrichia-free area near base of anal point, tergite bands Y-shaped. Anal point stout, triangular, crests broad, flanking large horn-like bars curved and turned up in proximal sections. Superior volsella subrectangular, with posteromedian corner slightly projected, bearing small ventral lip; digitus finger-like, not reaching margin of superior volsella. Median volsella with several setiform and single small foliate lamella. Inferior volsella with posteromedially directed head bearing dorsal flap. FIGURE 1. Sites of sampling the type material in Peru (A, B) and Brazil (C, D). Description. Adult male (n = 6) Body size and proportions . Total length 2.05–2.21 mm . Wing length 1.04–1.07 mm . Total length/wing length 1.97–2.06. Wing length/length of profemur 2.12–2.30. Colouration . Head capsule and palps yellow to light brown, eyes mostly pale brown, basal portion black, antenna brown. Scutal vittae and postnotum light brown, ground colour of thorax, scutellum, sternum, and haltere yellow to faint brown. Legs yellow to light brown. Wing veins yellow, membrane pale. Abdomen yellowish. Head . Eyes bare, with well-developed dorsomedian extensions. Antenna with 13 flagellomeres; ultimate flagellomere 122–125 μm long; AR 0.28–0.30. Frontal tubercles 7–8 μm long. Tentorium 93–100 μm long, with elongate digitiform apex. Temporal setae 7–9 on each side. Clypeus with 10–13 setae. Lengths of palpomeres 1–5 (in μm): 20–25, 23–26, 78–85, 92–94, 143; third palpomere with 2 sensilla clavata subapically, 12 μm long. Thorax . Ac 14–18, restricted to anterior region of scutum; Dc 5–6 on each side, uniserial; Pa 1 on each side; Scts 4. Scutum projected and rounded anteriorly, overreaching antepronotum. Wing . Obovate, with anal lobe strongly reduced. Almost all veins (except subcosta) and entire membrane posterior to radial veins area (except 1/5 basal of m and cu cells) covered with macrotrichia. Brachiolum with 1 seta. VRCu 1.40–1.46. Legs . Foreleg tibia with short lanceolate spur 16–19 μm long. Tibial combs of mid and hind legs separated; spurs of mid leg unequal: one apically curved, 20–22 μm long, second straight, 12–16 μm long; spurs of hind leg unequal: one apically curved, 25–26 μm long, second straight, 16–17 μm long. Basitarsus of mid leg without sensilla chaetica. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1 . TABLE 1. Lengths (in μm) and proportions of leg segments of Tanytarsus aries sp. nov. , male (n = 6).

fe	ti	ta1	ta2	ta3	ta4	ta 5	LR	BV	SV
p1	468–489	240–247	648–672	300–341	250–273	190–203	100–104	2.62–2.80	1.50–1.64	1.05–1.14
p 2	515–541	386–395	225–230	100–102	65–68	37–40	36–38	0.58–0.60	4.70–4.72	4.00–4.07
p3	553–560	460–465	300–305	185–190	174–178	102–111	58–63	0.65–0.67	2.46–2.52	3.39–3.42

Hypopygium . Tergite IX covered with dense short microtrichia except for bare area near base of anal point, with two simple median setae; lateral teeth small, bilobed; tergite bands Y-shaped, fused part ~20–25 μm long, reaching anal point base ( Fig. 2A ). Anal point stout, triangular, lateral margins with 3–4 setae, crests broad and round, flanking large (27–33 μm long) horn-like bars—strongly curved and turned up in proximal sections ( Fig. 2A, C–E ). Superior volsella 26–29 μm long, subrectangular, posteromedian corner slightly projected, with small ventral lip; 4–5 setae dorsally, 2 setae on median margin and 1 seta on anteroventral tubercle, microtrichia on dorsal surface absent; digitus finger-like, 12–14 μm long, not reaching median margin of superior volsella ( Fig. 2A, B, F, G ). Stem of median volsella simple, 12–13 μm long, with three setiform and one small foliate lamella ( Fig. 2B, F, H, I ). Inferior volsella 45–52 μm long, slightly curved, with posteromedially directed head bearing dorsal flap ( Fig. 2A, B ). Phallapodeme 50–56 μm long; transverse sternapodeme 35–38 μm long, with small oral projections. Gonocoxite 75–82 μm long. Gonostylus 52–55 μm long, slightly swollen at mid length, tapering to slender tip. HR 1.38–1.58, HV 3.90–4.25. Female and immature stages. Unknown. Taxonomy. Säwedal (1981) proposed Caladomyia for 18 species known at that time, which have been divided into two groups, spixi and orellanai . The division has been, however, considered unwarranted ( Reiff 2000 ) and ceased to be used ( Trivinho-Strixino 2012 ). Moreover, difficulties in diagnosing and delimiting or remarks on close relations between Caladomyia and Tanytarsus have been raised (e.g., Reiff 2000 , Sanseverino 2006 , Trivinho-Strixino 2012 ), also based on the fossil record ( Zakrzewska & Giłka 2013 ). Recently, after synonymizing Caladomyia and Tanytarsus , all former Caladomyia have been proposed to be placed in the ortoni group, recognized as monophyletic, although DNA sequences of only three described and named species (among 30) + those of two specimens of unknown Caladomyia have been used in the molecular analysis ( Lin et al. 2018 ). Phylogenetic relationships within these species still need support using integrative methods, those of molecular, based on at least the majority of described species, and their morphology. The significant heteromorphism in former Caladomyia seems to reflect the full range of structural diversity found in Tanytarsus , from relatively simple to the most sophisticated, thus the concept of one group for all these species can be perceived as tentative. Hence, we do not include T. aries to the ortoni group and refrain from proposing a possible division in the cluster(s) of these taxa (not an aim of this study), but we present the new species that extends the knowledge on the structural diversity. Regarding the shape of the gonostylus, anal tergite and volsellae, T. aries slightly resembles T. humboldti ( Säwedal, 1981 ) . However, it differs from all former Caladomyia and other Tanytarsus in the shape of the anal point, bearing broad crests and large, strongly curved horn-like bars ( Fig. 2 ). The low antennal ratio (AR 0.3 or less) is a supplementation of the diagnosis for T. aries . FIGURE 2. Tanytarsus aries sp. nov. , male. A–C : hypopygium in dorsal ( A ), ventral ( B ) and lateral aspect ( C ); D , E : anal point in lateral ( D ) and dorsal aspect ( E ); F , G : superior volsella and digitus photographed ( F ) and drawn ( G ); H , I : median volsellae photographed ( H ) and drawn ( I ); D–I magnified × 1.5–3 relative to A and B; superior volsella in the drawings (red) with anteroventral tubercle (yellow), and digitus (green). Geographical distribution and bionomics. Tanytarsus aries is known only from the type locality in the highlands of Amazonian Forest in Peru ( Fig. 1A, B ). All specimens were collected using a Malaise trap set over a small rocky-bottomed stream surrounded by dense vegetation. This region is known for its numerous long and narrow valleys, mountain streams and warm, humid, and rainy weather ( Pulgar-Vidal 1996 , Brack & Mendiola 2004 ). As noted by Brack & Mendiola (2004) , this ecoregion is a significant centre of endemism; however, it has been rapidly degraded by human activities, particularly those related to occupation along roads.