Descriptions of pupae of two Hydropsyche species from China (Insecta, Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) Author Xie, Yue Author Xu, Ji-Hua Author Wang, Bei-Xin Author Sun, Chang-Hai text Zootaxa 2017 2017-11-02 4341 4 539 553 journal article 31649 10.11646/zootaxa.4341.4.6 96e04e64-f59c-427f-99ab-6ee1eed8b762 1175-5326 1040596 2561A36D-C020-40C2-8779-83217D37F598 Hydropsyche homunculus Schmid 1965 ( Figs. 2–10 ) Pupa (Male): Body length 7‒8 mm . Body (in alcohol) brown. Head brown; eyes black; antennae and palpi brown. Thorax brown oVerall, pronotum with setal warts white, mesoscutellum white, metathorax light brown; wingpads dark brown; legs with inner sides yellowish brown and outer surfaces dark brown. Abdomen yellowish brown ( Figs. 2A–2C ). Antennae filiform, slightly shorter than body ( Figs. 2A, 2B ), each with scape thick and rounded and pedicel long and slender, flagellar segments each longer than wide. Labrum ( Fig.3 ) somewhat membranous, pentagonal in anterior View, coVered with tiny spines. Mandibles ( Figs. 4L, 4R ) subtriangular in dorsal View, each with base thickened, then narrowed to serrate apex, inner margin concaVe; left mandible ( Fig. 4L ) with about 10 basodorsal setae and seVeral setae on basolateral margin and with third and fourth tooth smaller among fiVe apical teeth; right mandible ( Fig. 4R ) with same distribution of setae, apex with 4 teeth of about same size. Maxillary palpi ( Fig. 5L, 5R ) each 5-segmented: segment I subtriangular; segment II about 3 times as long as segment I, progressiVely thickened from base to apex; segment III elliptical; segment IV slender, about same length as segment III; segment V about 1.5 times as long as total length of segments I–IV. Labium ( Fig. 6 ) subelliptical, with basal margin forming rounded lobe; labial palpi each 3-segmented, segments I and II subrectangular, equal in length; segment III about 4 times as long as segment II. Sheaths of forewings and hind wings reaching at least posterior margins of abdominal segment IV or to middle of segment V in some indiViduals ( Figs. 2A, 2B ). Forelegs ( Fig. 7A ) shortest, midlegs longest ( Fig. 7B ); foretibiae each with 2 apical spurs of approximately same length ( Fig. 7A ); midtibiae each with inner preapical and apical spurs about 2 times as long as outer preapical one ( Fig. 7B ); hind tibiae each bearing 2 preapical spurs on distal 1/3 and 2 apical spurs with outer spurs slightly shorter than inner ones ( Fig. 7C ). Abdomen somewhat spindle-shaped ( Figs. 2A–2C ). In dorsal View terga I‒III each bearing transVerse row of moderately long setae, such setae on segments IV and V much longer, terga VI‒VIII with sparse long setae, tergum IX with long dorsolateral setae ( Figs. 2A , 8 ). Apical processes strongly bristled ( Figs. 10A–10C ). In Ventral View sterna I‒VII each bearing transVerse row of short setae, segments IX and X strongly setose. Anterior pair of dorsal hook plates on abdominal terga II–VIII, with hooks usually only on posterior edges ( Fig. 8 , IIa–VIIIa): IIa transVerse-suboVal; IIIa transVerse-suboVal, with strong and fine teeth alternately arranged; IVa transVerse-oVal; Va with Very stout teeth irregularly spaced; VIa, VIIa, and VIIIa subequal in size, each with length nearly two times width and with teeth much stronger than supporting hook plate, these teeth irregularly spaced on VIa and VIIa. Posterior pairs of dorsal hook plates on terga III and IV ( Fig. 8 , IIIp, IVp): IIIp transVerseoVal, with width about 4 times length and hooks on all edges of each hook plate; IVp transVerse-elliptical. Hook numbers on each hook plate as follows: IIa 11–15; IIIa 17–19; IIIp 51–57; IVa 12–13; IVp 9–10; Va 7–8; VIa 6–9; VIIa 6; VIIIa 4–5. FIGURE 2. PUPa Of MalE Hydropsyche homunculus SchMid. 2A, dORSal; 2B, VENTRal; 2C, lEfT VENTROlaTERal. FIGURES 3–7. PUPa Of MalE Hydropsyche homunculus SchMid. 3, labRUM, aNTERiOR; 4, lEfT (4L) aNd RiGhT (4R) MaNdiblES, dORSal; 5, MaXillaRY PalPi, VENTRal; 6, labRUM aNd labial PalPi, VENTRal; 7, lEfT lEGS, VENTRal: 7A, fORElEG; 7B, MidlEG; 7C, hiNd lEG. FIGURE 8. PUPa Of MalE Hydropsyche homunculus SchMid , abdOMiNal TERGa, dORSal. IIa–VIIIa = aNTERiOR hOOk PlaTES Of TERGa II–VIII; IIIP aNd IVP = POSTERiOR hOOk PlaTES Of TERGa III aNd IV. ScalE baR: 0.4 MM. FIGURES 9–10. PUPa Of MalE Hydropsyche homunculus SchMid. 9, lEfT VENTRal Gill Of abdOMiNal SEGMENT III, lEfT laTERal; 10, abdOMiNal SEGMENT IX aNd aNal aPPENdaGES: 10A, lEfT laTERal; 10B, dORSal; 10C, VENTRal. Gills ( Fig. 9 ). Pairs of Ventrolateral gills on abdominal segments III–VII: those on segments III, IV, V, and VII each with one small single gill; those on segment VI with two gills. Ventral gills situated near anterior margin of segments III–VII, each with 2 stalks; numbers of gill stalks of Ventrolateral and Ventral gills shown in Table 3 . Segment IX ( Figs. 10A–10C ) subelliptical. Anal appendages long and sclerotized, in dorsal and Ventral Views each with lateral margin straight and inner margin concaVe; apex concaVe; apicomesal triangular point much larger than apicolateral one. In Ventral View, male inferior appendages each tapering from base to rounded apex and slightly curVed inwards. Material examined. CHINA , Zhe-jiang ProVince , Lin’an County , Gao-hong Town , Mt. Da-shan , 30.39°N , 119.62°E , alt . 507 m , 20 Sept. 2015 , collected by Yue Xie & Ji-hua Xu , 3 male pupae. Distribution. China ( Zhe-jiang ). TABLE 3. The numbers of abdominal gills of pupal Hydropsyche homunculus .

SEGMENT	VENTROlaTERal	VENTRal
II	0	2
III	1	2
IV	1	2
V	1	2
VI	2	2
VII	1	2

Hydropsyche simulata Mosely 1942 (Figs. 11–19) Pupa (Male): Body length 8‒9 mm . Body (in alcohol) yellowish brown. Head yellowish brown dorsally, and brown anteriorly and laterally, setal warts yellow with black hairs; eyes gray; antennae and palpi yellowish brown. Thorax yellowish brown, but mesoscutellum pale brown; wingpads dark brown and legs yellowish brown. Abdomen yellowish brown ( Figs. 11A–11C ). Antennae filiform, slightly longer than body ( Figs. 11A, 11B ), each with scape thick and rounded and pedicel slender, flagellar segments longer than wide. Labrum ( Fig. 12 ) in anterior View trilobate, densely setose; middle lobe subrectangular, with anterior margin slightly concaVe, each lateral lobe small, semicircular. Mandibles ( Fig. 13L, 13R ) conical, each with base thick, then suddenly narrowed to serrate apex, inner margin concaVe, each mandible with two groups of seVeral setae in each group (basodorsal and basolateral groups); left mandible ( Fig. 13L ) apically with 4 teeth of about same size; right mandible ( Fig. 13R ) apically with 5 teeth, of which third tooth smallest. Maxillary palpi ( Fig. 14L, 14R ) each 5-segmented: segment I subrectangular; segment II slender, about 2.5 times as long as segment I; segment III elongate-elliptical, half as long as segment II and slightly longer than segment I; segment IV slender, with base narrow and subapex slightly thicker; segment V longest, slightly longer than total length of segments I‒IV. Labium ( Fig. 15 ) subelliptical, with basal margin forming rounded lobe; labial palpi each 3-segmented, segments I and II subelliptical, equal in length; segment III longest, about 3 times as long as segment II. Sheaths of forewings and hind wings reaching end of abdominal segment III or to beginning of segment VI ( Figs. 11A, 11B ). Forelegs ( Fig. 16A ) shortest, hind legs longest ( Fig. 16C ); forelegs each bearing 2 apical spurs, with outer apical spur slightly longer than inner one ( Fig. 16A ); midlegs each with inner preapical and apical spurs about 2 times as long as outer ones ( Fig. 16B ); hind legs each bearing 2 preapical spurs almost equal in length, and 2 apical spurs with outer apical spur slightly longer than inner one ( Fig. 16C ). Abdomen somewhat spindle-shaped ( Figs. 11A–11C ). In dorsal View terga I‒III each bearing transVerse row of moderately long setae, but such setae in segment IV and V much longer; terga VI‒VIII with sparse long setae; tergum IX with long setae dorsolaterally ( Figs. 11A , 17 ). Apical processes each strongly bristled. In Ventral View sterna I‒VII each bearing transVerse row of short setae, segments IX and X strongly setose. Anterior pairs of dorsal hook plates present on abdominal terga II to VIII, with hooks usually only on posterior edges ( Fig. 17 , IIa–VIIIa): IIa transVerse-suboVal; IIIa transVerse-suboVal, with strong and fine teeth alternately arranged; IVa transVerse-oVal; Va, VIa, VIIa, and VIIIa almost equal in size, longer than wide, each with teeth arranged in two groups. Posterior pairs of dorsal hook plates on terga III and IV ( Fig. 17 , IIIp, IVp): IIIp transVerseoVal, with hooks on all edges; IVp transVerse-elliptical. Hook numbers on each hook plate as follows: IIa 14–15; IIIa 18–19; IIIp 43–52; IVa 11; IVp 14; Va 8–12; VIa 9–11; VIIa 6–8; VIIIa 7–9. FIGURE 11. PUPa Of MalE Hydropsyche simulata MOSElY . 11A, dORSal; 11B, VENTRal; 11C, lEfT VENTROlaTERal. Gills ( Fig. 18A, 18B ). Pairs of Ventrolateral gills on massiVe teat-shaped bases on abdominal segments II–VII: Those on segments III, IV, and VII each with 1 small gill; segment V with 2 gills; segment VI with 3 gills. Ventral gills near anterior margins of abdominal segments II–VII, single or 2-stalked; numbers of gill stalks of Ventrolateral and Ventral gills are shown in Table 4 . Segment IX ( Figs. 19A–19C ) in dorsal View somewhat trapezoidal. Anal appendages long and strongly sclerotized, in dorsal and Ventral Views each with lateral margin and inner margin constrict at midlength; apex concaVe; apicomesal triangular point much larger than apicolateral one. In Ventral View, male inferior appendages each tapering from base to rounded apex and slightly curVed inwards. FIGURES 12–16. PUPa Of MalE Hydropsyche simulata MOSElY . 12, labRUM, aNTERiOR; 13, lEfT (13L) aNd RiGhT (13R) MaNdiblES, dORSal; 14, lEfT (14L) aNd RiGhT (14R) MaXillaRY PalPi, VENTRal; 15, labial PalPi, VENTRal; 16, RiGhT lEGS, dORSal: 16A, fORElEG; 16B, MidlEG; 16C, hiNd lEG. FIGURE 17. PUPa Of MalE Hydropsyche simulata MOSElY , abdOMiNal TERGa, dORSal. IIa–VIIIa = aNTERiOR hOOk PlaTES Of TERGa II– VIII; IIIP aNd IVP = POSTERiOR hOOk PlaTES Of TERGa III aNd IV. ScalE baR: 0.4 MM. FIGURES 18–19. PUPa Of MalE Hydropsyche simulata MOSElY . 18A, 2-bRaNchEd lEfT VENTRal Gill Of abdOMiNal SEGMENT II, lEfT laTERal; 18B, a SiNGlE lEfT VENTROlaTERal Gill Of SEGMENT III, lEfT laTERal; 19, SEGMENT IX aNd aNal aPPENdaGES: 19A, lEfT laTERal; 19B, dORSal; 19C, VENTRal. Material examined. CHINA , Zhe-jiang ProVince , Lin’an County , Gao-hong Town : Heng-du , 30.36°N , 119.56°E , alt. 329 m , 21 Sept. 2015 , collected by Yue Xie & Ji-hua Xu , 1 male pupa ; Mt. Da-shan , 30.39°N , 119.62°E , alt. 507 m , 20 Sept. 2015 , collected by Yue Xie , Ji-hua Xu , Xiang-juan Wu , Lei Zhang & Zhen Liu , 2 male pupae. Distribution. China (An-hui, Fu-jian, Guang-dong, Guang-xi, Jiang-xi, Zhe-jiang). TABLE 4. The numbers of abdominal gills of pupal Hydropsyche simulata .

SEGMENT	VENTROlaTERal	VENTRal
II	0	1
III	1	2
IV	1	2
V	2	1
VI	3	2
VII	1	1

Discussion Pupae of Hydropsyche species are similar morphologically, and can be diagnosed mainly by the shapes of labrum, mandibles, legs, anterior and posterior dorsal plates of hooks on abdominal segments II‒VIII, and anal appendages (Bueno-Soria 1984; Denning 1943; LepneVa 1964 ; Philipson 1953; Rutherford 1985 ). LepneVa (1964) also noticed that length of antennae, length of wing sheaths, and the shape of lateral and Ventral gills Varied among species. Of these diagnostic characters, mandibles, lateral and Ventral segmental gills among described pupae show great conformity in shape, while teeth of each plate of hooks on segment II‒VIII Varied among indiViduals within the same species; therefore, we don’t consider these characters suitable for diagnosing hydropsychid pupae exclusiVely. Based on the shape of the phallus, Oláh & Johanson (2008) ascribed H. homunculus and H. simulata to their H. newae Species Group. The group now contains more than 100 species recognized mostly by adult males, of which pupae of only three species, i.e., H. morosa , H. newae , and H. bronta were preViously described. We add descriptions of pupae of two more Hydropsyche species for the group, and tentatiVely diagnose them as follows. The pupa of H. homunculus can be separated from other known pupae within the group in that: (1) the antennae are shorter than the body; (2) the labrum is pentagonal, somewhat membranous, with tiny spines, rather than heaVily bristled as in other pupae; (3) the anterior plates of hooks on segment IIa are oVal, wider than long, and each VIa is about 2 times as long as wide. The pupa of H. simulata can be diagnosed from other pupae in that: (1) antennae are about as long as the body; (2) the labrum is strongly bristled, trilobite with the middle lobe large, posterior margin straight, and lateral lobes small; and (3) hook plates IIa are each elongate-oVal and those of VIa are slightly longer than wide. In conclusion, we found that pupal stages of the H. newae Species Group can be separated from each other by the diagnostic characters mentioned aboVe; howeVer, because so few pupal stages haVe been described, we cannot determine distinctiVe characters to define the species group in pupal stages. EVidently much further study is required to understand the relationships to other species groups within the genus, in adults, pupae, and larVae.