Phylogeny of Dynastor and Brassolis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a tough nut to crack Author Garzón-Orduña, Ivonne J. Author Penz, Carla M. text Zootaxa 2009 2134 1 22 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.188448 10d3b521-818c-44d2-af1b-df4281f82b80 1175-5326 188448 Dynastor darius (Fabricius) ( Fig. 1 E–F; 8C, E; 9A, B) Diagnosis: Both sexes can be recognized by three characters: (1) dorsal FW postmedial band continuous from costal margin to cell M2, broken into dots at cells M3, Cu1 and Cu2; (2) dorsal HW postmedial band present, stronger above M1, faded and wavy below that vein; (3) ventral coloration cryptic, light brown mottled with dark brown. Distribution: Central and South America , Costa Rica , Surinam , French Guiana , Brazil and Paraguay ( Casagrande 2004 ). Subspecies: Casagrande (2004) listed five subspecies: nominal darius ( type locality: Brazil , [Rio de Janeiro]), anaxarete (Cramer) ( Surinam ), faenius Fruhstorfer ( Brazil , Rio Grande do Sul), ictericus Stichel ( Paraguay ), and stygianus Butler ( Costa Rica ). Examined males from Paraguay and Brazil (São Paulo) differ slightly in genitalic morphology but have nearly identical wing pattern, and work in progress will address this issue.