Flourishing in subterranean ecosystems: Euro-Mediterranean Plusiocampinae and tachycampoids (Diplura, Campodeidae) Author Sendra, Alberto Author Antić, Dragan Author Barranco, Pablo Author Borko, Špela Author Christian, Erhard Author Delić, Teo Author Fadrique, Floren Author Faille, Arnaud Author Galli, Loris Author Gasparo, Fulvio Author Georgiev, Dilian Author Giachino, Pier Mauro Author Lukić, Marko Author Marcia, Paolo Author Miculinić, Kazimir Author Nicolosi, Giuseppe Author Palero, Ferran Author Paragamian, Kaloust Author Pérez, Toni Author Polak, Slavko Author Prieto, Carlos E. Author Turbanov, Ilya Author Vailati, Dante Author Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S. text European Journal of Taxonomy 2020 2020-01-10 591 1 138 journal article 24111 10.5852/ejt.2020.591 61d609de-bcb3-4490-ac65-ba7cacda2d72 3659823 5CB610DA-F9C9-4213-80E8-8A8901895A18 Plusiocampa ( Plusiocampa ) chiosensis Sendra & Gasparo sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B3F3B66C-8C7C-48BF-A841-EAD3DF711C47 Figs 44–46 ; Tables 3–4 Etymology The name ʻchiosensisʼ is proposed based on the island of Chios, where it occurs in its deep subterranean habitat. Material examined Holotype GREECE • ♀ ; Chios Island , Sykias ; 10 Jun. 2006 ; Fulvio Gasparo leg.; MZB 2019-1030 . Paratypes GREECE • 2 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for holotype; Coll . AS . Description BODY. Body length 4.4 and 4.9 mm (males, paratypes ) and 7.8 mm (female, holotype ). Epicuticle smooth under optical microscope; body with sparse thin, long clothing, covered or not by a few thin distal barbs. HEAD. Holotype with two intact antennae of 54 antennomeres, 14.8 mm long. Small coniform sensillum of third antennomere located in ventral position between c and d macrosetae. Central antennomeres 3.8× as long as wide, apical anntenomere 3.6× as long as wide. Small cupuliform organ occupying 1/9 of total length of apical antennomere, with 6–7 complex olfactory chemoreceptors. Thin and long gouge sensilla ( 44–47 µm long) in a single distal whorl of 10–13 sensilla on each medial and distal antennomere. Frontal process developed, with tubercular setae and macrosetae with thin barbs. Three macrosetae along line of insertion of antennae poorly differentiated, only anterior one with 1–2 thin apical barbs; x setae longer than these macrosetae, with a couple of thin apical barbs ( Fig. 44 ). Suboval labial palps with latero-external sensillum larger than sensillum of third antennomere, with two guard setae, up to 12 setae on anterior border and up to 130 neuroglandular setae. THORAX. Distribution of thoracic macrosetae: pronotum with 1+1 ma , 4+4–3+3 la 1,2,3,4 , 2+2 lp 2,3 (additionally in the three type specimens, 1+1 extra ma near the sagittal plane); mesonotum with 1+1 ma , 1+1 (0+1) la 2 , 2+2 lp 2, 3 , 1+1 mp ; metanotum with 1+1 ma , 1+1 lp 2 and 1+1, 0+1 or 0+0 mp . All notal macrosetae long, thin, covered by very thin barbs along distal third up to half; marginal setae longer than clothing setae, covered by thin barbs along distal half up to two thirds; spare clothing setae, with 14, 21 and 23 clothing setae on each heminotum of pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum, respectively ( holotype ). Legs elongated, metathoracic legs overpassing end of abdomen in middle of tibia; measurements as in Table 3 . Femora II–III with one long dorsal macroseta and one longer ventral macroseta. Tibiae I–III with two ventral macrosetae surrounded all along by thin, short barbs. Calcars surrounded from base to tip by thin, short barbs. Dorsal and lateral subapical tarsal setae completely covered by thin barbs almost from base and almost to tip. Subequal claws (posterior claw 1.0–1.05× as long as anterior claw); posterior claw with a small backward overhang; lateral crests well developed, noticeably ridged on ventral side. Pretarsal lateral process setiform, with plenty of very short proximal barbs. Table 3. Plusiocampa ( Plusiocampa ) chiosensis Sendra & Gasparo sp. nov. Length of the body, metathoracic legs and their segments: trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus (measurements in mm).

Specimen	Body length	Trochanter	Metathoracic leg Femur Tibia Tarsus			Total length
♂, paratype (Coll. AS)	4.4	0.20	0.9	1.10	1.01	3.20
♂, paratype (Coll. AS)	4.9	0.22	1.04	1.31	1.14	3.71
♀, holotype (MZB 2019-1030)	7.8	0.40	1.60	2.20	1.6 0	5.80

Figs 44–46. Plusiocampa ( Plusiocampa ) chiosensis Sendra & Gasparo sp. nov. 44–45 . Holotype, ♀, 7 mm long, from Spilaio Sykias Cave, Chios Island (MZB 2019-1930). 44 . Frontal process ( a, i and p macrosetae of antennal insertion and x setae). 45 . Right appendage of urosternite I. 46 . Paratype, ♂, 4.9 mm long, from type locality (Coll. AS); urosternite I, right side. Scale bars: 44 = 0.2 mm; 45–46 = 0.1 mm. Table 4. Plusiocampa ( Plusiocampa ) chiosensis Sendra & Gasparo sp. nov. Length of one cercus in the holotype (MZB 2019-1030) (measurments in mm).

Base	1 st	2 nd	3 rd	4 th	5 th	6 th	7 th	8 th	Total
2.80	1.10	1.45	1.65	2.05	2.35	2.80	2.70	2.80	19.70

ABDOMEN. Distribution of abdominal macrosetae on tergites: 1+1 post 1 on I–III; 1+1 la , 2+2 lp 1,2 on IV; 1+1 la, 5+5 post 1–5 on V–VII, 8+8 post on VIII; 11+11 (11+12) post on abdominal segment IX. All post urotergal macrosetae thick, long, covered by thin barbs along distal four-fifths; la urotergal macrosetae shorter than post macrosetae, covered by barbs along distal half. Urosternite I with 7+7, urosternites II– VII with 5+5, urosternite VIII with 2+2 macrosetae; all urosternal macrosetae robust and large, covered by long barbs along distal half up to four-fifths. Apical subapical and ventro-medial setae completely surrounded by short abundant barbs. CERCI. One complete cercus in holotype with eight articles in addition to basal article, 19.70 mm long ( Table 4 ), 2.53 mm longer than body length; articles show whorls of long macrosetae covered by thin barbs along distal two-thirds, combined with whorls of smooth, thin setae shorter than macrosetae. SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS. Female urosternite I ( Fig. 45 ) with enlarged subcylindrical appendages, each bearing up to 16 glandular a 1 setae in a distal area. Male urosternite I ( Fig. 46 ) without glandular g 1 setae, with moderated large subcylindrical appendages thicker than those of female, each bearing up to 33 glandular a 1 setae. Phyletic affinities, habitat and distribution Although P. ( P. ) chiosensis sp. nov. has medial posterior macrosetae on the mesonotum and metanotum (sometimes absent in one or two heminota), as do many previously described species of Plusiocampa s. str. , a similar reduction in the number of lateral anterior and lateral posterior macrosetae on the mesonotum and metanotum is present in another troglomorphic species, P. ( P. ) glagra from continental Greece ( Condé 1984a ). Plusiocampa ( P. ) chiosensis sp. nov. also shares a couple of noticeable taxonomical features with P. ( P. ) glabra in their subequal claws and the number of urosternal macrosetae. Nevertheless, the presence of 1+1 lateral anterior macrosetae on the mesonotum, the more abundant macrosetae on all urotergites, including the eighth abdominal segment, and the absence of glandular g 1 setae in males in P. ( P. ) chiosensis sp. nov. distinguish it from P. ( P. ) glabra . Plusiocampa ( P. ) chiosensis sp. nov. is only known from one cave and occupies the deep subterranean spaces, showing highly troglomorphic features (elongation of appendages, antennomeres and articles, and the strengthening of sensorial equipment of the antennae).