Three new species of Protosticta Selys, 1885 (Odonata: Zygoptera: Platystictidae) from the Western Ghats, India, with taxonomic notes on P. mortoni Fraser, 1922 and rediscovery of P. rufostigma Kimmins, 1958 Author Joshi, Shantanu National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India Author Subramanian, K. A. 0000-0003-0872-9771 Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600028, Tamil Nadu, India & subbuka. zsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0872 - 9771 subbuka.zsi@gmail.com Author Babu, R. 0000-0001-9147-4540 Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600028, Tamil Nadu, India & baburzsi @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9147 - 4540 baburzsi@gmail.com Author Sawant, Dattaprasad M. D. Community Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, Maharashtra, India & dattaprasad. 101 @ gmail. com; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0533 - 9292 dattaprasad.101@gmail.com Author Kunte, Krushnamegh National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India & krushnamegh @ ncbs. res. in; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3860 - 6118 krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in text Zootaxa 2020 2020-09-30 4858 2 151 185 journal article 8431 10.11646/zootaxa.4858.2.1 985a0e09-5ed8-4596-9047-fc5fe27db488 1175-5326 4411669 A6C6FBA5-8026-46D8-9DA6-57A8BBE0655C Protosticta myristicaensis spec. nov. Joshi & Kunte urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8E1C4562-9142-42BD-8328-0B6FA733A52B ( Figs. 7–11 , 12 c–d) Holotype . ♂ ( NCBS-BH110 ), Kathlekan , Shivamogga , Karnataka , India ( 14.2743 N , 74.747 9 E ; Alt: 560 m ), 16.iv.2019 , Krushnamegh Kunte leg. Paratypes . 2 ♀♀ ( NCBS-BH111 & NCBS-BH112 ), location, date of collection, and collector same as holotype . 3 ♂♂ , 1 ♀ ( NCBS-BM654 – BM657 ), same locality as holotype, 23.xi.2019 , Krushnamegh Kunte leg. Etymology. The specific name is given after ‘ Myristica swamps’, a unique, biodiverse forest swamp habitat endemic to the Western Ghats, where the type series was observed and collected. Description of holotype ( Figs. 7 , 9 ). Head ( Fig. 7b ). Labrum, anteclypeus, postclypeus bright blue in live condition, pinkish white in preserved individual; lower 1/3rd of labrum, mandibles and labium brown; antefrons, postfrons black; vertex and postocular lobes black with metallic green sheen; eyes pastel blue in situ, pale pinkish brown post-mortem; both sides of the occipital ridge with a small rounded protuberance; base of antenna white, filament black. Thorax. Prothorax ( Fig. 7c ) dorsally bright turquoise blue, brown laterally, dorsal carina pale yellow. Pterothorax ( Fig. 7a ) black, with copper colored sheen, marked with white: dorsal carina, across mesepimeron occupying dorsal 1/3 rd , connected to white metacoxae, and across metepimeron connecting to the white metacoxae laterally, metinfraepisternum slightly white at ventral border adjacent to metacoxae; ventrum of metathorax black. Legs including coxae white, femur faintly marked black on the posterior face, tarsus dark at apices, tarsal claws yellow. Wings ( Fig. 7a,d ). Basal wing venation white; Pt dark brown bordered with yellow; two cells between junction of RP 1 -RP 2 and origin of IR 1 in FW and right HW, three in left HW; Ab absent; Ax: 2 in all wings; Px: FW = 11, HW = 9–10. Abdomen ( Fig. 7a ). Marked with black and white: anterior half of S1 white laterally, S2 with a slanting white marking laterally reaching 2/3 rd of its length; S3–7 with white annules at anterior border and black annules at the posterior border, white markings reduced on S3, more prominent on subsequent segments; S8 with a broad white basal ring occupying about 3/4 th of the segment, continued ventro-laterally till posterior margin; S9–10 black. Anterior hamuli small, ovoid, dark brown, covered with thick brown hair at apices. Posterior hamuli saddle-shaped, broader at base curved anteriorly at a 45° angle, base covered with sparse hair, apex covered by a plume of hair. Genital ligula ( Fig. 9 ). Ventral half of first and second segments black, dorsally dark brown; first segment thicker at base, thinner midway and thick at the juncture with second segment; second and third segments attached; third segment complex; dorsally with two inwardly curved ridges on apices; these two ridges connecting at the apices; laterally third segment with conical protuberances on both sides, apices tapering, elongated reaching till the first segment. Caudal appendages ( Fig. 7 e–f). Cerci black, about 3.5 times of S 10 in length, curving inwards at apices; cerci with a basal spine, bifurcated at the apices into two arms; inner, ventral arm thick at its base, curved, with bluntly pointed apices, expanded at base and curved downwards, at the base of inner arm a small blunt spine pointing posteriorly; outer dorsal arm much thinner than inner, slightly thinner at base, thicker medially and with blunt thin apices; paraprocts brown, curved ventro-laterally inwards and upwards towards apices, a small inwardly curved basal spine present, broader at base, apices rounded. Measurements: abdomen + caudal appendages = 19.2, FW & HW = 12, cerci = 0.7, paraprocts = 0.6. Variation in males ( Fig. 8 ). In NCBS-BM654, bright markings on S2–7 fainter; marking on S8 slightly irregular on left lateral area, but of same length as holotype ; yellow border of pterostigma less extensive; two cells between junction of RP 1 -RP 2 and origin of IR 1 in FW, three in the HW. In NCBS-BM655, border of anteclypeus and postclypeus bluish, postclypeus brown; three cells between junction of RP 1 -RP 2 and origin of IR 1 in all wings. In NCBS-BM656, three cells between junction of RP 1 -RP 2 and origin of IR 1 in all wings, except left HW with four cells. Immature males have white pterostigma. Px: HW = 9–10, FW = 10–11. Description of female (NCBS-BH111) ( Fig. 10 ). Head ( Fig. 10b ). Labrum, anteclypeus, bright blue; lower half of labrum, mandibles and labium dark brown; postclypeus, frons, vertex and postocular space black with metallic green sheen; both sides of the occipital ridge with a small rounded protuberance; base of antennae white, rest dark brown; eyes brown centrally largely pale blue. Thorax. Prothorax ( Fig. 10 d–e) bright blue in situ, laterally median and posterior lobes faint purple, propleuron brown; anterior margin of anterior lobe raised; posterior lobe depressed medially. Pterothorax ( Fig. 10a ). Dorsal carina white, mesepisternum brown with purplish sheen at some viewing angles, dorsal carina pale yellow, mesepimeron brown with a faint metallic blue band adjacent to the ventral border; white band across upper half of metepisternum connecting to mesocoxae; mesinfraepisternum largely brown, white at lower border adjacent to coxa; metepimeron with lower half white; brown marking on lower half of metepisternum and upper half of metepimeron connecting, expanded medially, tapering posteriorly, anteriorly continued on metinfraepisternum; venter of metathorax black with a medial broad white band continuing on S1. Legs including coxae white, junction of femur and tibia black. Wings ( Fig. 10a,c ). Basal membranules white, venation black; Pt brown post-mortem, slightly longer than one cell; three cells between junction of RP 1 -RP 2 and origin of IR 1 in all wings; Ab absent; Ax: 2 in all wings; Px: FW: left = 10, right = 11, HW = 10. Abdomen ( Fig. 10a ). Anterior half of S1 laterally white; S2–8 with white annules at the anterior border, more extensive laterally and ventrally; dorsal markings reduced on S2; white marking at the anterior border of S8 not connected dorsally, continuing laterally about ½ the length of the segment; S9 white laterally but not connected dorsally; S10 brown; S2–7 darker at posterior border. FIGURE 7. Protosticta myristicaensis sp. nov. Holotype male [NCBS-BH110]: (a) habitus, lateral view; (b) face; (c) prothorax, dorsal view; (d) pterostigma of right HW & FW; (e) caudal appendages, lateral view; (f) caudal appendages, dorsal view. FIGURE 8. Protosticta myristicaensis sp. nov. Paratype males: (a–b) NCBS-BM655, (c–f) NCBS-BM654: (a) prothorax, dorsal view; (b) caudal appendages, ventral view; (c) face; (d) pterostigma of right FW; (e) caudal appendages, lateral view; (f) caudal appendages, dorsal view. FIGURE 9. Genital ligula of Protosticta myristicaensis sp. nov. [based on NCBS-BH110 & NCBS-BM656]: (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) left lateral view. FIGURE 10. Protosticta myristicaensis sp. nov. Paratype female [NCBS-BH111]: (a) habitus, lateral view; (b) face; (c) pterostigma of right FW; (d) prothorax, left lateral view; (e) prothorax, dorsal view; (f) caudal appendages, dorsal view; (g) caudal appendages, lateral view. Caudal appendages ( Fig. 10 f–g). Cerci black, conical, pointed at apices, approximately same length as S10; paraprocts black, rounded, half the length of cerci; ovipositor and valve of ovipositor black, ventrally dark brown, terebra large, about twice the length of cerci, grey-brown; ovipositor dark brown and sharply pointed at apices, ending in long dark brown styles extending well beyond cerci. Measurements: abdomen + caudal appendages = 20.4, FW & HW = 14, cerci = 0.27. Variation in females ( Fig. 11 ). Wings enfumed brown and basal membranules yellow in NCBS-BH112. Immature females (e.g. NCBS-BM657, Fig. 11 a–e) have white pterostigma and basal membranules, venation brown. FIGURE 11. Protosticta myristicaensis sp. nov. Paratype females: (a-e) NCBS-BM657, (f) NCBS-BH112: (a) face; (b) prothorax, dorsal view; (c) pterostigma of right FW; (d) caudal appendages, dorsal view; (e-f) caudal appendages, lateral view. FIGURE 12. Field images of: (a–b) Protosticta cyanofemora sp. nov. (a) male; (b) female; (c–d) P. myristicaensis sp. nov. (c) male; (d) female. Photos: (a, c–d) SJ, & (b) KAS. In NCBS-BM657, three cells between junction of RP 1 -RP 2 and origin of IR 1 in left FW and both HW and two cells in right FW. Px: FW = 12, HW: 10–11. Diagnosis. This species is clearly the smallest Indian Protosticta . Apart from its small size, males can be distinguished from all other species by the shape of cerci, specifically the small tubercle at the base of the apical fork ( Figs. 7f , 8b,f ). It can be further distinguished from congeneric species by the color of eyes (blue, Fig. 12c ), uniform coloration of prothorax (purple in live condition) ( Figs. 7c , 8a ), and bright marking on S8 (anterior 3/4 th of the segment white, Fig. 7a ). Female of this species can be differentiated from other species in Western Ghats by its small size, color of prothorax (purple in live condition), and the extent and shape of bright markings on S8–9. Both males & females can be distinguished by the broad white dorsal carina. Habitat and Ecology. Myristica swamps are freshwater swamps characterized by trees with stilt roots ( Fig. 18b ). These are relict habitats thought to have existed over large areas but have become highly fragmented, and now occupy less than 200 hectares ( Kumaran et al. 2013 , Limaye et al. 2016 ). These unique ecosystems are highly threatened from various factors such as land-use changes like conversion into agricultural fields and plantations ( Chandran & Mesta 2001 ), and excessive water withdrawal ( Ganesan 2002 ). We also observed this at the type locality of P. myristicaensis where on one side of the road Myristica swamps have been converted into areca nut plantations. Of the recorded wildlife in Myristica swamps 16.3% are endemic to Western Ghats ( Jose et al. 2007 ), and many new species exclusive to Myristica swamps have been discovered in recent years such as the monotypic ‘ Myristica Swamp tree frog‘, Mercurana myristicapalustris Abraham, Pyron, Ansil, Zachariah & Zachariah, 2013 . Protosticta myristicaensis was observed exclusively in Myristica swamp patch, along the Bengaluru-Honnavar road at Kathlekan, Karnataka ( Fig. 23a ). This site was surveyed twice ( April and November 2019 ) and both times the species was observed (April: four males and two females; November: three males and two females). This species was observed alongside P. gravelyi , Heliocypha bisignata Hagen in Selys, 1853 , Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) , Mortonagrion varralli Fraser, 1920 and Phylloneura westermanii (Hagen in Selys, 1860) (a species endemic to Myristica swamps). Unlike other Indian Protosticta spp., this species has the unique behavior of perching very low (not flying above the height of 20–30 cm ) among roots of trees such as Myristica fatua Houtt. var. magnifica (Bedd.) , Gymnacranthera canarica (King) Warb. , Semecarpus kathalekanensis Dasappa & Swaminath (all three species endemic to Myristica swamps), Knema attenuata (Hook. Fil. & Thomas.) Warb. , Lophopetalum wrightianum Arn. and Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabberley ( Fig. 18b ).