Ten new species of corticolous pyrenocarpous lichens from NE Brazil Author Aptroot, André Author Andrade, Dannyelly Santos Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP: 49100 - 000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. Author Mendonça, Cléverton Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP: 49100 - 000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. Author Lima, Edvaneide Leandro De Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, CEP: 50670 - 901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Author Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia Da Silva Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP: 49100 - 000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. & Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP: 49500 - 000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil; text Phytotaxa 2015 2015-02-16 197 3 197 206 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.3 journal article 10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.3 1179-3163 13640824 Pyrenula rubrolateralis Aptroot & M. Cáceres , sp. nov. ( Fig. 5C–D ) Mycobank #811024 Pyrenula with eccentric red ostioles, ascospores 3-septate, 20–24 × 8–10 μm. Holotype : — BRAZIL . Sergipe : Santa Luzia do Itanhy , Mata do Crasto ; 11˚22’S, 37˚25’W; alt. c . 10 m ; on bark of tree; 26 March 2014 , M.E.S. Cáceres & A. Aptroot 18783 ( ISE ; isotype : ABL ). Thallus rather thin (up to 0.1 mm thick), rather irregular in thickness, corticate, olive green, closely following the cracks and fissures in the bark, without pseudocyphellae, surrounded by a c. 1 mm wide black prothallus line. Ascomata immersed in raised areas of the bark, almost completely covered by the thallus, pyriform, 0.6–0.9 mm diam., single. Wall carbonized all around. Ostiole eccentric, red brown to bright red, flush to distinctly convex. Hamathecium not inspersed with oil droplets. Ascospores 8/ascus, irregularly biseriate, brown, 3-septate, 20–24 × 8–10 μm, lumina mostly rounded to somewhat diamond-shaped, separated from the wall by a thick layer of endospore, ends pointed. Pycnidia not observed. Chemistry: Ostiole K–; thallus UV –; no substances detected with TLC . Ecology and distribution: —On smooth bark in undisturbed Atlantic rain forest. Only known from Brazil . Discussion: —This species is characterized by the eccentric red ostioles. It would key out in couplet 31 in key B in the world key (Aptroot 2012: 20). The closest species is the North American Pyrenula wetmorei R.C. Harris (1990: 69) , which differs by the inspersed hamathecium and the Pyrgillus -like ascospores with black pigment bands obscuring the septa.